Synergistic pesticidal compositions and methods for delivery of active ingredients

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for increasing the efficacy of pesticidal compositions are described herein, including synergistic pesticidal compositions and methods for delivery of pesticidal active ingredients. Some pesticidal compositions and methods as described are directed to compositions and methods for increasing the efficacy of fungicides. Some pesticidal compositions and methods as described are directed to compositions and methods for increasing the efficacy of nematicides. Some pesticidal compositions and methods as described are directed to compositions and methods for increasing the efficacy of insecticides. Methods for enhancing the activity pesticidal active ingredients in pesticidal compositions in use are also described.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, US provisionalpatent application Nos. 62/566,269 filed 29 Sep. 2017; 62/580,964 filed2 Nov. 2017; and 62/585,827 filed 14 Nov. 2017, all entitled SYNERGISTICPESTICIDAL COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DELIVERY OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS,all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

An embodiment of the present invention is related to compositions andmethods for increasing the efficacy of pesticidal compositions. Moreparticularly, some embodiments are related to synergistic pesticidalcompositions and methods for delivery of pesticidal active ingredients.Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to compositionsand methods for increasing the efficacy of fungicides. Some embodimentsof the present invention are directed to compositions and methods forincreasing the efficacy of nematicides. Some embodiments of the presentinvention are directed to compositions and methods for increasing theefficacy of insecticides. Further embodiments of the present inventionare directed to methods for enhancing the activity of pesticidal activeingredients in pesticidal compositions.

BACKGROUND

Pesticides, including fungicides, herbicides, nematicides andinsecticides, are important compositions for use in domestic,agricultural, industrial and commercial settings, such as to provide forcontrol of unwanted pests and/or pathogens. Providing for effective pestcontrol is of high importance in many such settings, since pests and/orother pathogens if not controlled can cause loss and or destruction ofcrops or other plants, or harm to animals, humans or other beneficial ordesired organisms. There remains a need for environmentally safe andeffective pesticides, including fungicides, nematicides andinsecticides, or compounds that enhance the efficacy of pesticides,including fungicides, nematicides and insecticides, and for methods ofenhancing the efficacy of pesticides including fungicides, nematicidesand insecticides, so that pesticides can be used in a moreenvironmentally safe and effective manner.

In agricultural settings, for example, a variety of plant pests, such asinsects, worms, nematodes, fungi, and plant pathogens such as virusesand bacteria, are known to cause significant damage to seeds andornamental and crop plants. Chemical pesticides have generally beenused, but many of these are expensive and potentially toxic to humans,animals, and/or the environment and may persist long after they areapplied. Therefore it is typically beneficial to farmers, consumers andthe surrounding environment to use the least amount of chemicalpesticides as possible, while continuing to control pest growth in orderto maximize crop yield. In a growing number of cases, chemical pesticideuse has also resulted in growing resistance to certain chemicalpesticides by pest organisms, leading to reduced effectiveness,requiring greater doses of pesticidal chemicals, or even failure ofcertain types of pesticides as viable control agents. As a result, manychemical pesticides are being phased out or otherwise restricted fromuse.

Natural or biologically-derived pesticidal compounds have been proposedfor use in place of some chemical pesticides, in order to attempt toreduce the toxicity, health and environmental risks associated withchemical pesticide use. However, some natural or biologically-derivedpesticides have proven less efficacious or consistent in theirperformance in comparison with competing chemical pesticides, which haslimited their adoption as control agents in pesticide markets.

Therefore, there remains a need to provide improved pesticides andpesticidal compositions to allow for effective, economical andenvironmentally and ecologically safe control of insect, plant, fungal,nematode, mollusk, mite, viral and bacterial pests. In particular, thereremains a need to provide for pesticidal compositions that desirablyminimize the amount of pesticidal agents or pesticidal activeingredients required to obtain desired or acceptable levels of controlof pests in use.

Accordingly, there remains a need to provide synergistic pesticidalcompositions that desirably minimize the use of pesticidal agents orpesticidal active ingredients through synergistic efficacy, to providefor desired pest control performance in use. However, large-scaleexperimental drug combination studies in non-agricultural fields havefound that synergistic combinations of drug pairs are extremely complexand rare, with only a 4-10% probability of finding synergistic drugpairs [Yin et al., PLOS 9:e93960 (2014); Cokol et al., Mol. SystemsBiol. 7:544 (2011)]. In fact, a systematic screening of about 120,000two-component drug combinations based on reference-listed drugs foundfewer than 10% synergistic pairs, as well as only 5% synergistictwo-component pairs for fluconazole, a triazole fungicidal compoundrelated to certain azole agricultural fungicide compounds [Borisy etal., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 100:7977-7982 (2003)].

The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations relatedthereto are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Otherlimitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill inthe art upon consideration of the present disclosure.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one embodiment according to the present disclosure, a synergisticpesticidal composition is provided, comprising a pesticidal activeingredient; and a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (including anunsaturated C6, C7, C8, C9 or C10 aliphatic acid) or an agriculturallycompatible salt thereof, wherein the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidcomprises at least one unsaturated C—C bond and wherein a ratio of theconcentrations by weight of said pesticidal active ingredient and saidC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid or an agriculturally compatible saltthereof is between about 1:5000 and 5000:1, and more particularlybetween about 1:2000 and 2000:1. In another embodiment, a synergisticpesticidal composition is provided, comprising a pesticidal activeingredient; and a C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid or an agriculturallycompatible salt thereof, comprising at least one unsaturated C—C bond,wherein a ratio of the concentrations by weight of said pesticidalactive ingredient and said C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid or anagriculturally compatible salt thereof is between about 1:5000 and5000:1, and more particularly between about 1:2000 and 2000:1. In yet afurther embodiment, a synergistic pesticidal composition is provided,comprising a pesticidal active ingredient; and a C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acid or an agriculturally compatible salt thereof, comprisingat least one unsaturated C—C bond, wherein a ratio of the concentrationsby weight of said pesticidal active ingredient and said C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acid or an agriculturally compatible salt thereof is betweenabout 1:5000 and 5000:1, and more particularly between about 1:2000 and2000:1.

In a further embodiment, a method of synergistically enhancing thepesticidal activity of at least one pesticidal active ingredient adaptedto control at least one target pest organism is provided, comprising:providing at least one pesticidal active ingredient active for said atleast one target pest organism; adding a synergistically effectiveconcentration of at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidcomprising at least one unsaturated C—C bond, or an agriculturallyacceptable salt thereof, to said pesticidal active ingredient to providea synergistic pesticidal composition; and applying said synergisticpesticidal composition in a pesticidally effective concentration tocontrol said at least one target pest organism. In some embodiments, thesynergistic pesticidal composition may comprise a C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid or a biologically compatible salt thereof, wherein saidsalt comprises at least one of an agriculturally, aquatic life, ormammal-compatible salt, for example. In another embodiment, a method ofsynergistically enhancing the pesticidal activity of at least onepesticidal active ingredient adapted to control at least one target pestorganism is provided, comprising: providing at least one pesticidalactive ingredient active for said at least one target pest organism;adding a synergistically effective concentration of at least one C11unsaturated aliphatic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, to said pesticidal active ingredient to provide a synergisticpesticidal composition; and applying said synergistic pesticidalcomposition in a pesticidally effective concentration to control said atleast one target pest organism. In some embodiments, the synergisticpesticidal composition may comprise a C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid ora biologically compatible salt thereof, wherein said salt comprises atleast one of an agriculturally, aquatic life, or mammal-compatible salt,for example. In a further embodiment, a method of synergisticallyenhancing the pesticidal activity of at least one pesticidal activeingredient adapted to control at least one target pest organism isprovided, comprising: providing at least one pesticidal activeingredient active for said at least one target pest organism; adding asynergistically effective concentration of at least one C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acid, or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to saidpesticidal active ingredient to provide a synergistic pesticidalcomposition; and applying said synergistic pesticidal composition in apesticidally effective concentration to control said at least one targetpest organism. In some embodiments, the synergistic pesticidalcomposition may comprise a C12 unsaturated aliphatic acid or abiologically compatible salt thereof, wherein said salt comprises atleast one of an agriculturally, aquatic life, or mammal-compatible salt,for example.

In another embodiment according to the present disclosure, a pesticidalcomposition is provided, comprising: one or more pesticidal agents; andone or more unsaturated C6-C10 aliphatic acids or agriculturallycompatible salts thereof having at least one unsaturated C—C bond,wherein said one or more unsaturated C6-C10 aliphatic acids produce asynergistic effect on the pesticidal activity of the pesticidalcomposition in comparison to the pesticidal activity of the pesticidalagent alone and are present in a respective synergistically activeconcentration ratio by weight between about 1:5000 and 5000:1, and moreparticularly between about 1:2000 and 2000:1. In some such embodiments,a C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible saltsthereof may be provided. In some further such embodiments, a C12unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible salts thereofmay be provided. In a further embodiment, a method of synergisticallyenhancing the pesticidal activity of at least one pesticidal activeingredient adapted to control at least one target pest organism isprovided, comprising: providing at least one pesticidal activeingredient active for said at least one target pest organism; adding asynergistically effective concentration of at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereofto provide a synergistic pesticidal composition; mixing said synergisticpesticidal composition with at least one formulation componentcomprising a surfactant to form a synergistic pesticidal concentrate;diluting said synergistic pesticidal concentrate with water to form asynergistic pesticidal emulsion; and applying said synergisticpesticidal emulsion at a pesticidally effective concentration and rateto control said at least one target pest organism. In some suchembodiments, a C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturallycompatible salts thereof may be provided. In some further suchembodiments, a C12 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturallycompatible salts thereof may be provided.

In some embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition may comprisea ratio of the concentrations by weight of said pesticidal activeingredient and said C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid or anagriculturally compatible salt thereof is between about at least one of:1:10,000 and 10,000:1, 1:5000 and 5000:1, 1:2500 and 2500:1, 1:1500 and1500:1, 1:1000 and 1000, 1:750 and 750:1, 1:500 and 500:1, 1:400 and400:1, 1:300 and 300:1, 1:250 and 250:1, 1:200 and 200:1, 1:150 and150:1, 1:100 and 100:1, 1:90 and 90:1, 1:80 and 80:1, 1:70 and 70:1,1:60 and 60:1, 1:50 and 50:1, 1:40 and 40:1, 1:30 and 30:1, 1:25 and25:1, 1:20 and 20:1, 1:15 and 15:1, 1:10 and 10:1, 1:9 and 9:1. 1:8 and8:1, 1:7 and 7:1, 1:6 and 6:1, 1:5 and 5:1, 1:4 and 4:1, 1:3 and 3:1,1:2 and 2:1, 1:1.5 and 1.5:1, and 1.25 and 1.25:1. In a particular suchembodiment, the concentration ratios of the pesticidal active ingredientand said C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid or an agriculturallycompatible salt thereof in the synergistic pesticidal composition areadvantageously chosen so as to produce a synergistic effect against atleast one target pest or pathogen. In some embodiments, theconcentration ratios of the pesticidal active ingredient(s) and at leastone C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible saltsthereof in the synergistic pesticidal composition may be advantageouslychosen so as to produce a synergistic effect against at least one targetpest or pathogen. In some further embodiments, the concentration ratiosof the pesticidal active ingredient(s) and at least one C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible salts thereof in thesynergistic pesticidal composition may be advantageously chosen so as toproduce a synergistic effect against at least one target pest orpathogen.

In some embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises apesticidal active ingredient and a C6-C10 (including C6, C7, C8, C9 orC10) unsaturated aliphatic acid which comprises at least one of: atrans-unsaturated C—C bond and a cis-unsaturated C—C bond. In a furthersuch embodiment, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid comprises atleast one of: a trans-2, trans-3, trans-4, trans-5, trans-6, trans-7,trans-8, and trans-9 unsaturated bond. In yet another embodiment, asynergistic pesticidal composition is provided where the C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid comprises at least one of: a cis-2, cis-3,cis-4, cis-5, cis-6, cis-7, cis-8, and cis-9 unsaturated bond. In somesuch embodiments, the pesticidal composition comprises a C11 unsaturatedaliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible salt thereof, comprising atleast one of: a trans-2, trans-3, trans-4, trans-5, trans-6, trans-7,trans-8, trans-9, trans-10, a cis-2, cis-3, cis-4, cis-5, cis-6, cis-7,cis-8, cis-9, and cis-10 unsaturated bond. In some further suchembodiments, the pesticidal composition comprises a C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible salt thereof, comprising atleast one of: a trans-2, trans-3, trans-4, trans-5, trans-6, trans-7,trans-8, trans-9, trans-10, trans-11, a cis-2, cis-3, cis-4, cis-5,cis-6, cis-7, cis-8, cis-9, cis-10, and cis-11 unsaturated bond.

In some particular such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidalcomposition may additionally comprise at least one C6-C12 saturatedaliphatic acid, such as one or more of hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic,nonanoic, decanoic, undecanoic and dodecanoic acid, for example. In somefurther such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition mayadditionally comprise at least one second C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacid. In some further embodiments, the pesticidal composition mayadditionally comprise at least one second C11 or C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acid.

In some embodiments, the at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidmay comprise a naturally occurring aliphatic acid, such as may bepresent in, or extracted, fractionated or derived from a natural plantor animal material, for example. In one such embodiment, the at leastone C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise one or more naturallyoccurring aliphatic acids provided in a plant extract or fractionthereof. In another such embodiment, the at least one C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid may comprise one or more naturally occurring aliphaticacids provided in an animal extract or product, or fraction thereof. Inone such embodiment, the at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidmay comprise a naturally occurring aliphatic acid comprised in a plantoil extract, such as one or more of coconut oil, palm oil, palm kerneloil, corn oil, or fractions or extracts therefrom. In another suchembodiment, the at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid maycomprise a naturally occurring aliphatic acid comprised in an animalextract or product, such as one or more of cow's milk, goat's milk, beeftallow, and/or cow or goat butter, or fractions or extracts thereof forexample. In a particular embodiment, at least one C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid may be provided in an extract, fraction, or derivative ofone or more plant oil extract, such as one or more of coconut oil, palmoil, palm kernel oil, corn oil, or fractions, derivatives, or extractstherefrom. In some further embodiments, the pesticidal composition maycomprise at least one C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphatic acid provided inan extract or fraction of one or more plant or animal materials.

In some embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition exhibits asynergistic inhibition of growth of at least one target pest organism.In some embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises apesticidally effective concentration of the pesticidal activeingredient, and the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid. In some furtherembodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises apesticidal active ingredient, and a synergistic concentration of theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid. In some embodiments, the synergisticpesticidal composition has an FIC Index value (fractional inhibitoryconcentration index value) of less than 1 according to a growthinhibition assay for inhibition of growth of at least one target pest orpathogen organism. In some embodiments, the synergistic pesticidalcomposition has an FIC Index value of less than 0.75. In a furtherembodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition has an FIC Indexvalue of 0.5 or less. In some such embodiments, the one or moreunsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise a C11 unsaturated aliphatic acidor agriculturally compatible salt thereof. In some further suchembodiments, the one or more unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise aC12 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible saltthereof.

In some embodiments, the pesticidal active ingredient may comprise atleast one of a chemical pesticide and a naturally-derived pesticidal oilor extract. In a further aspect, the pesticidal active ingredient maycomprise at least one of: a fungicide, nematicide, insecticide,acaricide, herbicide, and bacteriocide.

In any such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition maycomprise a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid having at least onecarboxylic acid group, and which may be linear or branched. In someembodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise a linearmonocarboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid may comprise one or more of cis and trans isomers. In anembodiment, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may be unsubstitutedor substituted. In some embodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacid may be mono-unsaturated or polyunsaturated, i.e. containing one,two or more unsaturated carbon-carbon (C—C) bonds respectively. In someembodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise at leastone of: a trans-unsaturated C—C bond, a cis-unsaturated C—C bond, and aplurality of conjugated unsaturated C—C bonds. In some embodiments, theone or more unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise a C11 unsaturatedaliphatic acid that may be linear or branched, substituted orunsubstituted, comprise one or more of cis and trans isomers, bemonounsaturated or polyunsaturated, or comprise at least one of atrans-unsaturated C—C bond, a cis-unsaturated C—C bond, and a pluralityof conjugated unsaturated C—C bonds. In some further such embodiments,the one or more unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise a C12unsaturated aliphatic acid that may be linear or branched, substitutedor unsubstituted, comprise one or more of cis and trans isomers, bemonounsaturated or polyunsaturated, or comprise at least one of atrans-unsaturated C—C bond, a cis-unsaturated C—C bond, and a pluralityof conjugated unsaturated C—C bonds.

In some further embodiments, the C6-C10 (including C6, C7, C8, C9 orC10) unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise at least one of: atrans-hexenoic acid, a cis-hexenoic acid, a hexa-dienoic acid, ahexynoic acid, a trans-heptenoic acid, a cis-heptenoic acid, ahepta-dienoic acid, a heptynoic acid, a trans-octenoic acid, acis-octenoic acid, an octa-dienoic acid, an octynoic acid, atrans-nonenoic acid, a cis-nonenoic acid, a nona-dienoic acid, anonynoic acid, a trans-decenoic acid, a cis-decenoic acid, adeca-dienoic acid, and a decynoic acid. In another embodiment, theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise at least one of: atrans-hexenoic acid, a cis-hexenoic acid, a hexa-dienoic acid other than2,4-hexadienoic acid, a hexynoic acid, a trans-heptenoic acid, acis-heptenoic acid, a hepta-dienoic acid, a heptynoic acid, atrans-octenoic acid, a cis-octenoic acid, an octa-dienoic acid, anoctynoic acid, a trans-nonenoic acid, a cis-nonenoic acid, anona-dienoic acid, a nonynoic acid, a trans-decenoic acid, acis-decenoic acid, a deca-dienoic acid, and a decynoic acid. In someembodiments, the one or more unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise atleast one of a C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphatic acid, such as acis-undecenoic, trans-undecanoic, cis-dodecenoic, trans-dodecenoic,undeca-dienoic, dodeca-dienoic, undecynoic, or dodecynoic acid, forexample.

In some embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition may compriseone or more agriculturally compatible or acceptable salts of a C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid. In one such embodiment, such agriculturallycompatible or acceptable salts may comprise one or more of potassium,sodium, calcium, aluminum, other suitable metal salts, ammonium, andother agriculturally acceptable salts of C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacids, for example. In another embodiment, the synergistic pesticidalcomposition may comprise a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid or abiologically compatible salt thereof, wherein said salt comprises atleast one of an agriculturally, aquatic life, or mammal-compatible salt,for example. In some embodiments, the pesticidal composition maycomprise one or more agriculturally compatible or acceptable salts ofone or one or more C11 or C12 saturated or unsaturated aliphatic acid.

However, in some other embodiments, the synergistic pesticidalcomposition may comprise a pesticidal active ingredient and a C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid, wherein the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacid comprises at least one unsaturated C—C bond and wherein a ratio ofthe concentrations by weight of said pesticidal active ingredient andsaid C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid is between about 1:5000 and5000:1, and more particularly between about 1:2000 and 2000:1. In onesuch embodiment, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may excludeagriculturally acceptable salts or other salt forms of the C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acids. In a particular such embodiment, thesynergistic pesticidal composition may exclude such salts for desiredapplications for which the acid forms of the C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acids may be preferred. In one such application, it is knownthat accumulation of an undesirably high concentration of salts in somesoils can be detrimental to the productivity or fertility of the soil,and accordingly, an embodiment specifically excluding salt forms of theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids may be particularly desirable in suchsalt sensitive soil applications, for example.

In another embodiment, the synergistic pesticidal composition maycomprise a pesticidal active ingredient and a C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid, and may further comprise at least one C6-C10 saturatedaliphatic acid, such as at least one of hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic,nonanoic and decanoic acid, for example. In an alternative embodiment,the synergistic pesticidal composition may comprise a pesticidal activeingredient and at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid butexplicitly excluding 2,4-hexadienoic acid. In some such embodiments, theone or more unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise a C11 unsaturatedaliphatic acid. In some further such embodiments, the one or moreunsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise a C12 unsaturated aliphaticacid.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a synergistic pesticidalcomposition may comprise at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidand at least one pesticidal active ingredient selected from the listcomprising:

-   -   A) Respiration inhibitors selected from:        -   inhibitors of complex III at Q_(o) site: azoxystrobin            (II-1), coumethoxy-strobin, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin            (II-2), enestroburin, fenamin-strobin,            fenoxystrobin/flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin (II-3),            kresoxim-methyl (II-4), metominostrobin, orysastrobin            (II-5), picoxystrobin (II-6), pyraclostrobin (II-7),            pyrame-tostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin (II-8),            2-[2-(2,5-dimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-phenyl]-3-methoxy-acrylic            acid methyl ester and            2-(2-(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-allylideneamino-oxymethyl)-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide,            pyribencarb, triclopyricarb/chlorodincarb, famoxadone,            fenamidone;        -   Inhibitors of complex III at Q_(i) site: cyazofamid,            amisulbrom,            [(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-acetoxy-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]            2-methylpropanoate, [(3            S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(acetoxymethoxy)-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]            2-methylpropanoate,            [(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-isobutoxycarbonyloxy-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]            2-methylpro-panoate,            [(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(1,3-benzodioxol5-ylmethoxy)-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbon-yl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo            1,5-dioxonan-7-yl] 2-methylpropanoate;            (3S,6S,7R,8R)-3-[[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-8-(phenyl-methyl)-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl            2-methylpropanoate;        -   Inhibitors of complex II: benodanil, benzovindiflupyr            (II-9), bixafen (II-10), boscalid (II-11), carboxin,            fenfuram, fluopyram (II-12), flutolanil, fluxapyroxad            (II-13), furametpyr, isofetamid, isopyrazam (II-14),            mepronil, oxycarboxin, penflufen (II-15), penthiopyrad            (II-16), sedaxane (II-17), tecloftalam, thifluzamide,            N-(4′-trifluoromethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            N-(2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)-phenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            1,3-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            1,3,5-trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            N-(7-fluoro-1,1,3-trimethyl-indan-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,            N-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide;        -   Other respiration inhibitors: diflumetorim,            (5,8-difluoroquinazolin-4-yl)-{2-[2-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl}-amine;            binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap, fluazinam (II-18);            ferimzone; fentin salts such as fentin-acetate, fentin            chloride or fentin hydroxide; ametoctradin (II-19); and            silthiofam;    -   B) Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI fungicides) selected        from:        -   C14 demethylase inhibitors (DMI fungicides): azaconazole,            bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole (II-20),            difenoconazole (II-21), diniconazole, diniconazole-M,            epoxiconazole (II-22), fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole            (II-23), flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole,            imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole (II-24),            myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole, penconazole,            propiconazole (II-25), prothioconazole (II-26),            simeconazole, tebuconazole (II-27), tetraconazole,            triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole;            imazalil, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizol; fenarimol,            nuarimol, pyrifenox, triforine,            [3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl]-(3-pyridyl)methanol;        -   Delta14-reductase inhibitors: aldimorph, dodemorph,            dodemorphacetate, fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin,            piperalin, spiroxamine;        -   Inhibitors of 3-keto reductase: fenhexamid;    -   C) Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors selected from:        -   phenylamides or acyl amino acid fungicides: benalaxyl,            benalaxyl-M, kiralaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam)            (II-38), ofurace, oxadixyl;        -   others nucleic acid inhibitors: hymexazole, octhilinone,            oxolinic acid, bupirimate, 5-fluorocytosine,            5-fluoro-2-(p-tolylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4-amine,            5-fluoro-2-(4-fluorophenylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4-amine;    -   D) Inhibitors of cell division and cytoskeleton selected from:        -   tubulin inhibitors: benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole,            thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl (II-39);            5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine        -   other cell division inhibitors: diethofencarb, ethaboxam,            pencycuron, fluopicolide, zoxamide, metrafenone (II-40),            pyriofenone;    -   E) Inhibitors of amino acid and protein synthesis selected from:        -   methionine synthesis inhibitors (anilino-pyrimidines):            cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, Pyrimethanil (II-41);        -   protein synthesis inhibitors: blasticidin-S, kasugamycin,            kasugamycin hydrochloride-hydrate, mildiomycin,            streptomycin, oxytetracyclin, polyoxine, validamycin A;    -   F) Signal transduction inhibitors selected from:        -   MAP/histidine kinase inhibitors: fluoroimid, iprodione,            procymidone, vinclozolin, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil;        -   G protein inhibitors: quinoxyfen;    -   G) Lipid and membrane synthesis inhibitors selected from:        -   Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors: edifenphos,            iprobenfos, pyrazophos, isoprothiolane; propamocarb,            propamocarb-hydrochloride;        -   lipid peroxidation inhibitors: dicloran, quintozene,            tecnazene, tolclofos-methyl, biphenyl, chloroneb,            etridiazole;        -   phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition:            dimethomorph (II-42), flumorph, mandipropamid (II-43),            pyrimorph, benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb, valifenalate,            N-(1-(1-(4-cyano-phenyl)ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamic            acid-(4-fluorophenyl) ester;        -   acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: oxathiapiprolin;    -   H) Inhibitors with Multi Site Action selected from:        -   inorganic active substances: Bordeaux mixture, copper            acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride (II-44), basic            copper sulfate, sulfur;        -   thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam, mancozeb (II-45), maneb,            metam, metiram (II-46), propineb, thiram, zineb, ziram;        -   organochlorine compounds: anilazine, Chlorothalonil (II-47),            captafol, captan, folpet, dichlofluanid, dichlorophen,            hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenole and its salts,            phthalide, tolylfluanid,            N-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide;        -   guanidines and others: guanidine, dodine, dodine free base,            guazatine, guazatine-acetate, iminoctadine,            iminoctadine-triacetate, iminoctadine-tris(albesilate),            dithianon,            2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone            (II-48);    -   I) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors selected from:        -   inhibitors of glucan synthesis: validamycin, polyoxin B;        -   melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon, tricyclazole,            carpropamid, dicyclomet, fenoxanil;    -   J) Plant defence inducers selected from:        -   acibenzolar-S-methyl, probenazole, isotianil, tiadinil,            prohexadione-calcium; fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, phosphorous            acid and its salts (II-49);    -   K) Unknown mode of action selected from: bronopol,        chinomethionat, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, dazomet, debacarb,        diclomezine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat-methylsulfate,        diphenylamin, fenpyrazamine, flumetover, flusulfamide,        flutianil, methasulfocarb, nitrapyrin, nitrothal-isopropyl,        oxathiapiprolin, tolprocarb,        2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone,        2-[3,5-bis-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-fluoro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yl-oxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone,        2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-chloro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone,        oxin-copper, proquinazid, tebufloquin, tecloftalam, triazoxide,        2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propylchromen-4-one,        N-(cyclo-propylmethoxyimino-(6-difluoro-methoxy-2,3-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl)-2-phenyl        acetamide,        N′-(4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl        formamidine,        N′-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl        formamidine,        N′-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl        formamidine,        N′-(5-difluoromethyl-2-methyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl        formamidine, methoxyacetic acid        6-tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-yl ester,        3-[5-(4-meth-ylphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine,        3-[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine        (pyrisoxazole), N-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)        cyclopropanecarboxylic acid amide,        5-chloro-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole,        2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop2-ynyloxy-acetamide,        ethyl (Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenyl-prop-2-enoate, tertbutyl        N-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]-amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate,        pentyl        N-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate,        2-[2-[(7,8-difluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]-6-fluoro-phenyl]propan-2-ol,        2-[2-fluoro-6-[(8-fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]propan-2-ol,        3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline,        3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline,        3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline;    -   L) Antifungal biopesticides selected from: Ampelomyces        quisqualis, Aspergillus flavus, Aureobasidium pullulans,        Bacillus pumilus (II-50), Bacillus subtilis (II-51), Bacillus        subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens (II-52), Candida oleophila I-82,        Candida saitoana, Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata, also named        Gliocladium catenulatum, Coniothyrium minitans, Cryphonectria        parasitica, Cryptococcus albidus, Metschnikowia fructicola,        Microdochium dimerum, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Pseudozyma        flocculosa, Pythium oligandrum DV74, Reynoutria sachlinensis,        Talaromyces flavus V117b, Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1, T.        atroviride LC52, T. harzianum T-22, T. harzianum TH 35, T.        harzianum T-39; T. harzianum and T. viride, T. harzianum ICC012        and T. viride ICC080; T. polysporum and T. harzianum; T.        stromaticum, T. virens GL-21, T. viride, T. viride TV 1,        Ulocladium oudemansii HRU3;    -   M) Growth regulators selected from: abscisic acid, amidochlor,        ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine, brassino-lide, butralin,        chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), choline chloride,        cyclanilide, daminozide, dikegulac, dimethipin,        2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, flumetralin, flurprimidol,        fluthiacet, forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid, inabenfide,        indole-3-acetic acid, maleic hydrazide, mefluidide, mepiquat        (mepiquat chloride) (II-54), naphthaleneacetic acid,        N-6-benzyladenine, paclobutrazol, prohexadione        (prohexadione-calcium, 11-55), prohydrojasmon, thidiazuron,        triapenthenol, tributyl phosphorotrithioate,        2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, trinexapac-ethyl and uniconazole;    -   N) Herbicides selected from:        -   acetamides: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor,            dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet, me-tolachlor,            metazachlor, napropamide, naproanilide, pethoxamid,            pretilachlor, propachlor, thenylchlor;        -   amino acid derivatives: bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinate,            sulfosate;        -   aryloxyphenoxypropionates: clodinafop, cyhalofop-butyl,            fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, propaquizafop,            quizalofop, quizalofop-P-tefuryl;        -   Bipyridyls: diquat, paraquat;        -   (thio)carbamates: asulam, butylate, carbetamide,            desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC), esprocarb,            molinate, orbencarb, phenmedipham, prosulfocarb,            pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallate;        -   cyclohexanediones: butroxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim,            profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim;        -   dinitroanilines: benfluralin, ethalfluralin, oryzalin,            pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin;            -   diphenyl ethers: acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox,                diclofop, ethoxyfen, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen;                -hydroxybenzonitriles: bomoxynil, dichlobenil, ioxynil;            -   imidazolinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic,                imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr;        -   phenoxy acetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic            acid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl,            MCPB, Mecoprop;        -   pyrazines: chloridazon, flufenpyr-ethyl, fluthiacet,            norflurazon, pyridate;        -   pyridines: aminopyralid, clopyralid, diflufenican,            dithiopyr, fluridone, fluroxypyr, picloram, picolinafen,            thiazopyr;        -   sulfonyl ureas: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron,            chlorimuronethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron,            cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron,            flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron,            halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron,            metazosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron,            oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron,            rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron,            triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron,            tritosulfuron,            1-((2-chloro-6-propyl-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)            sulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)urea;        -   triazines: ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, dimethametryn,            ethiozin, hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn,            simazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, triaziflam;        -   ureas: chlorotoluron, daimuron, diuron, fluometuron,            isoproturon, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, tebuthiuron;        -   other acetolactate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac-sodium,            cloransulammethyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone,            flumetsulam, metosulam, ortho-sulfamuron, penoxsulam,            propoxycarbazone, pyribam-benz-propyl, pyribenzoxim,            pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac,            pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam;        -   other herbicides: amicarbazone, aminotriazole, anilofos,            beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluresate,            benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon, bicyclopyrone,            bromacil, bromobutide, butafenacil, butamifos, cafenstrole,            carfentrazone, cinidon-ethyl, chlorthal, cinmethylin,            clomazone, cumyluron, cyprosulfamide, dicamba, difenzoquat,            diflufenzopyr, Drechslera monoceras, endothal, ethofumesate,            etobenzanid, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide,            flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, flupoxam, flurochloridone,            flurtamone, indanofan, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, lenacil,            propanil, propyzamide, quinclorac, quinmerac, mesotrione,            methyl arsonic acid, naptalam, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon,            oxaziclomefone, pentoxazone, pinoxaden, pyraclonil,            pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate,            quinoclamine, saflufenacil, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone,            terbacil, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, thiencarbazone,            topramezone,            (3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-phenoxy]-pyri-din-2-yloxy)-acetic            acid ethyl ester,            6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid            methyl ester,            6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-phenoxy)-pyridazin-4-ol,            4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2-carboxylic            acid,            4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic            acid methyl ester, and            4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-dimethylamino-2-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic            acid methyl ester;    -   O) Insecticides selected from:        -   organo(thio)phosphates: acephate, azamethiphos,            azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl,            chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos,            dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, fenitrothion, fenthion,            isoxathion, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion,            methyl-parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos,            oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate,            phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate, phoxim,            pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprophos,            tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos, triazophos, trichlorfon;        -   carbamates: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb,            carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, fenoxycarb, furathiocarb,            methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur,            thiodicarb, triazamate;        -   pyrethroids: allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,            cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin,            beta-cypermethrin, zetacypermethrin, deltamethrin,            esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fen-valerate,            imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin,            pyrethrin I and II, resmethrin, silafluofen,            tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin,            transfluthrin, profluthrin, dimefluthrin;        -   insect growth regulators: a) chitin synthesis inhibitors:            benzoylureas: chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron,            flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron,            novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron; buprofezin,            diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, clofentazine; b)            ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide,            tebufenozide, azadirachtin; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen,            methoprene, fenoxycarb; d) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors:            spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat;        -   nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds:            clothianidin, dinotefuran, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid,            thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid,            1-2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[1,3,5]triazinane;        -   GABA antagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil,            vaniliprole, pyrafluprole, pyriprole,            5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbothioic            acid amide;        -   mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI) I            acaricides: fenazaquin, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad,            tolfenpyrad, flufenerim;        -   METI II and III compounds: acequinocyl, fluacyprim,            hydramethylnon;        -   Uncouplers: chlorfenapyr;        -   oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors: cyhexatin,            diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite;        -   moulting disruptor compounds: cryomazine;        -   mixed function oxidase inhibitors: piperonyl butoxide;        -   sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb, metaflumizone;        -   ryanodine receptor inhibitors: chlorantraniliprole,            cyantraniliprole, fluben-diamide,            N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;            N-[4-chloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;            N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;            N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;            N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(difluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;            N-[4,6-di-bromo-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanyl-idene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;            N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-cyano-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;            N-[4,6-dibromo-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;        -   others: benclothiaz, bifenazate, cartap, flonicamid,            pyridalyl, pymetrozine, sulfur, thiocyclam, cyenopyrafen,            flupyrazofos, cyflumetofen, amidoflumet, imicyafos,            bistrifluron, pyrifluquinazon,            1,1′-[(3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-[[(2-cyclopropylacetyl)oxy]-methyl]-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,            12b-decahydro-12-hydroxy-4,6a,            12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)-2H,11H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrano[3,4-e]pyran-3,6-diyl]cyclopropaneacetic            acid ester; fluensulfone, fluoroalkenyl thioethers; and    -   P) ribonucleic acid (RNA) and associated compounds including        double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and small        interfering RNA (siRNA); bacteriophages.        In some such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition        may comprise one or more pesticidal active ingredient, such as        selected from the list above, and one or more C11 unsaturated        aliphatic acid or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In        some further such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal        composition may comprise one or more pesticidal active        ingredient, such as selected from the list above, and one or        more C12 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally acceptable        salt thereof.

In some embodiments, synergistic pesticidal compositions may beprovided, where the pesticidal active ingredient comprises at least onepesticidal natural oil selected from: neem oil, karanja oil, clove oil,clove leaf oil, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, mint oil, cinnamon oil,thyme oil, oregano oil, rosemary oil, geranium oil, lime oil, lavenderoil, anise oil, lemongrass oil, tea tree oil, apricot kernel oil,bergamot oil, carrot seed oil, cedar leaf oil, citronella oil, clove budoil, coriander oil, coconut oil, eucalyptus oil, evening primrose oil,fennel oil, ginger oil, grapefruit oil, nootkatone(+), grapeseed oil,lavender oil, marjoram oil, pine oil, scotch pine oil, and/or garlic oiland/or components, derivatives and/or extracts of one or more pesticidalnatural oil, or a combination thereof. In some further embodiments,synergistic pesticidal compositions may be provided which compriseadditional active components other than the principal one or morepesticidal active ingredients, wherein such additional active componentsmay comprise one or more additional efficacies and/or synergisticeffects on the pesticidal efficacy of the composition, such as but notlimited to adjuvants, synergists, agonists, activators, or combinationsthereof, for example. In one such embodiment, such additional activecomponents may optionally comprise naturally occurring compounds orextracts or derivatives thereof. In other embodiments, the pesticidalactive ingredient may comprise at least one organic, certified organic,US Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) National Organic Program compliant(“NOP-compliant”) such as may be included in the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency FIFRA 25b, list of ingredients published datedDecember 2015 by the US EPA entitled “Active Ingredients Eligible forMinimum Risk Pesticide Products”, the US EPA FIFRA 4a list publishedAugust 2004 entitled “List 4A—Minimal Risk Inert Ingredients” or the USEPA FIFRA 4b list published August 2004 entitled “List 4B—Otheringredients for which EPA has sufficient information”, for example,Organic Materials Review Institute listed (“OMRI-listed”) or naturalpesticidal active ingredient, for example.

In some embodiments, the pesticidal active ingredient may comprise atleast one of: neem oil, karanja oil and extracts or derivatives thereof.In further exemplary such embodiments, the pesticidal active ingredientmay comprise at least one extract or active component of neem oil orkaranja oil, such as but not limited to: azadirachtin, azadiradione,azadirone, nimbin, nimbidin, salannin, deacetylsalannin, salannol,maliantriol, gedunin, karanjin, pongamol, or derivatives thereof, forexample.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of thedrawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosedherein are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

FIG. 1 illustrates general carbonyl alkene structures (1), (2), (3),(4), (5), and (6) associated with an exemplary C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid, or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary 96 well microtiter plate showing a colortransition of a resazurin dye between colors indicating absence andpresence of growth of a representative pest or pathogen, in accordancewith a synergistic growth inhibition assay according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIGS. 3-5 illustrate the observed survival rate (percent of originalinsects still surviving) for Trichoplusia ni (cabbage loopercaterpillar) over time for in-vitro testing on a modified McMorranartificial diet to which treatments of Pylon® insecticide (containingchlorfenapyr as the pesticidal active ingredient) and exemplaryunsaturated aliphatic acids (and salts) alone are shown in comparisonwith the corresponding survival rates for treatments with a synergisticpesticidal composition combining Pylon® insecticide with each of theexemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids (and salts) at threeconcentrations (shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 respectively), according toan embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL EMBODIMENTS

Throughout the following description specific details are set forth inorder to provide a more thorough understanding to persons skilled in theart. However, well known elements may not have been shown or describedin detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the disclosure. Accordingly,the description and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative,rather than a restrictive, sense.

Definitions

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the invention, suitable methods and materials aredescribed herein.

All applications, publications, patents and other references, citationscited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case ofconflict, the specification, including definitions, will control.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “and,” and “the” include pluralreferents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

As used herein, all numerical values or numerical ranges includeintegers within such ranges and fractions of the values or the integerswithin ranges unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, forexample, reference to a range of 90-100%, includes 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 95%, 97%, etc., as well as 91.1%, 91.2%, 91.3%, 91.4%, 91.5%, etc.,92.1%, 92.2%, 92.3%, 92.4%, 92.5%, etc., and so forth.

As used herein, “plant” embraces individual plants or plant varieties ofany type of plants, in particular agricultural, silvicultural andornamental plants.

As used herein, the terms “pest” or “pests” or grammatical equivalentsthereof, are understood to refer to organisms, e.g., includingpathogens, that negatively affect a host or other organism-such as aplant or an animal—by colonizing, damaging, attacking, competing withthem for nutrients, infesting or infecting them, as well as undesiredorganisms that infest human structures, dwellings, living spaces orfoodstuffs. Pests include but are not limited to fungi, weeds,nematodes, acari, and arthropods, including insects, arachnids andcockroaches. It is understood that the terms “pest” or “pests” orgrammatical equivalents thereof can refer to organisms that havenegative effects by infesting plants and seeds, and commodities such asstored grain.

As used herein, the terms “pesticide” or “pesticidal” or grammaticalequivalents thereof, are understood to refer to any composition orsubstance that can be used in the control of any agricultural, naturalenvironmental, and domestic/household pests. The terms “control” or“controlling” are meant to include, but are not limited to, any killing,inhibiting, growth regulating, or pestistatic (inhibiting or otherwiseinterfering with the normal life cycle of the pest) activities of acomposition against a given pest. These terms include for examplesterilizing activities which prevent the production or normaldevelopment of seeds, ova, sperm or spores, cause death of seeds, sperm,ova or spores, or otherwise cause severe injury to the genetic material.Further activities intended to be encompassed within the scope of theterms “control” or “controlling” include preventing larvae fromdeveloping into mature progeny, modulating the emergence of pests fromeggs including preventing eclosion, degrading the egg material,suffocation, interfering with mycelial growth, reducing gut motility,inhibiting the formation of chitin, disrupting mating or sexualcommunication, preventing feeding (antifeedant) activity, andinterfering with location of hosts, mates or nutrient-sources. The term“pesticide” includes fungicides, herbicides, nematicides, insecticidesand the like. The term “pesticide” encompasses, but is not limited to,naturally occurring compounds as well as so-called “synthetic chemicalpesticides” having structures or formulations that are not naturallyoccurring, where pesticides may be obtained by various means including,but not limited to, extraction from biological sources, chemicalsynthesis of the compound, and chemical modification of naturallyoccurring compounds obtained from biological sources.

As used herein, the terms “insecticidal” and “acaridical” or “aphicidal”or grammatical equivalents thereof, are understood to refer tosubstances having pesticidal activity against organisms encompassed bythe taxonomical classification of root term and also to refer tosubstances having pesticidal activity against organisms encompassed bycolloquial uses of the root term, where those colloquial uses may notstrictly follow taxonomical classifications. The term “insecticidal” isunderstood to refer to substances having pesticidal activity againstorganisms generally known as insects of the phylum Arthropoda, classInsecta. Further as provided herein, the term is also understood torefer to substances having pesticidal activity against other organismsthat are colloquially referred to as “insects” or “bugs” encompassed bythe phylum Arthropoda, although the organisms may be classified in ataxonomic class different from the class Insecta. According to thisunderstanding, the term “insecticidal” can be used to refer tosubstances having activity against arachnids (class Arachnida), inparticular mites (subclass Acari/Acarina), in view of the colloquial useof the term “insect.” The term “acaridical” is understood to refer tosubstances having pesticidal activity against mites (Acari/Acarina) ofthe phylum Arthropoda, class Arachnida, subclass Acari/Acarina. The term“aphicidal” is understood to refer to substances having pesticidalactivity against aphids (Aphididae) of the phylum Arthopoda, classInsecta, family Aphididae. It is understood that all these terms areencompassed by the term “pesticidal” or “pesticide” or grammaticalequivalents. It is understood that these terms are not necessarilymutually exclusive, such that substances known as “insecticides” canhave pesticidal activity against organisms of any family of the classInsecta, including aphids, and organisms that are encompassed by othercolloquial uses of the term “insect” or “bug” including arachnids andmites. It is understood that “insecticides” can also be known asacaricides if they have pesticidal activity against mites, or aphicidesif they have pesticidal activity against aphids.

As used herein, the terms “control” or “controlling” or grammaticalequivalents thereof, are understood to encompass any pesticidal(killing) activities or pestistatic (inhibiting, repelling, deterring,and generally interfering with pest functions to prevent the damage tothe host plant) activities of a pesticidal composition against a givenpest. Thus, the terms “control” or “controlling” or grammaticalequivalents thereof, not only include killing, but also include suchactivities as repelling, deterring, inhibiting or killing eggdevelopment or hatching, inhibiting maturation or development, andchemisterilization of larvae or adults. Repellant or deterrentactivities may be the result of compounds that are poisonous, mildlytoxic, or non-poisonous to pests, or may act as pheromones in theenvironment.

As used herein, the term “pesticidally effective amount” generally meansthe amount of the inventive mixtures or of compositions comprising themixtures needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including theeffects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal,destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of thetarget pest organism. The pesticidally effective amount can vary for thevarious mixtures/compositions used in the invention. A pesticidallyeffective amount of the mixtures/compositions will also vary accordingto the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect andduration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and thelike.

As used herein, agriculturally compatible or acceptable salts, aquaticlife, or mammal-compatible salt can be one or more of potassium, sodium,calcium, aluminum, other suitable metal salts, ammonium, and otheragriculturally acceptable salts of C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids,for example.

As used herein, where a range of values is provided, it is understoodthat each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limitunless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper andlower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening valuewithin that stated range is encompassed within embodiments of theinvention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges mayindependently define a smaller range of values, and it is to beunderstood that these smaller ranges are intended to be encompassedwithin embodiments of the invention, subject to any specificallyexcluded limit in the stated range.

In one embodiment according to the present disclosure, a synergisticpesticidal composition comprises a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (oragriculturally acceptable salt thereof), and at least one pesticidalactive ingredient. As used herein, all references to a C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid include all unsaturated aliphatic acidshaving between 6 and 10 carbon atoms, e.g. C6, C7, C8, C9 or C10, andany combination or subcombination thereof, e.g. C6 and C8, C7 and C10,C6, C9 and C10, and so on. In some embodiments, the effective dose ofthe pesticidal active ingredient when used in combination with theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid is lower than the effective dose ofthe pesticidal active ingredient when used alone (i.e. a smaller amountof pesticidal active can still control pests when used in a synergisticcomposition together with the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid). Insome embodiments, a pesticidal active ingredient that is not effectiveagainst a particular species of pest can be made effective against thatparticular species when used in a synergistic composition together witha C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid. In some such embodiments, thepesticidal composition may comprise a C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid oragriculturally compatible salt thereof. In some further suchembodiments, the pesticidal composition may comprise a C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acid or agriculturally compatible salt thereof.

Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that theone or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids according to someembodiments of the present disclosure act as cell permeabilizing agents,and when combined with a suitable pesticidal active ingredient, maydesirably facilitate the entry of the pesticidal active ingredient intothe cells of a target pest or pathogen, thereby desirably providing fora synergistic activity of such a synergistic pesticidal composition. Alleukaryotic cell membranes, including for example fungal cell membranesand the cell membranes of insects and nematodes are biochemicallysimilar in that they all comprise a lipid bilayer which is comprised ofphospholipids, glycolipids and sterols, as well as a large number ofproteins (Cooper & Hausmann 2013). The amphipathic structure of thelipid bilayer and the polarity of membrane proteins restricts passage ofextracellular compounds across the membrane and allowscompartmentalization of internal organelles from the intracellularenvironment. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids according to some embodimentsdisclosed herein will act as cell permeabilizing agents, and whencombined with a suitable pesticidal active ingredient may desirably actto enhance the entry of the active ingredient (such as but not limitedto fungicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscicidal, bactericidal andnematicidal actives) into the cells and/or into the intracellularorganelles or intracellular bodies of a target pest or pathogen (such asbut not limited to fungi, insects, acari, mollusks, bacteria andnematodes, respectively). In a further embodiment, without being boundby theory, it is believed that the size and/or polarity of manypesticidal molecules prevents and/or limits the pesticidal activeingredient from crossing the cellular membrane, but that the addition ofa C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid in accordance with some embodimentsof the present disclosure may desirably compromise the pest cellmembrane's lipid bilayer and protein organization such as to createmembrane gaps, and/or increase the membrane fluidity, such as to allowthe pesticidal active to more effectively enter the cell and/orintracellular organelles of the pest cells. In some particular exemplaryembodiments, without being bound to a particular theory, it is believedthat the at least one unsaturated C—C bond in the C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid may desirably compromise, or alter the integrity of apest cell membrane such as the lipid bilayer integrity and proteinorganization such as to create membrane gaps, and/or increase themembrane fluidity, such as to allow the pesticidal active to moreeffectively enter the cell and/or intracellular organelles of the pestcells, for example.

In another aspect, without being bound to any particular theory, it isbelieved that the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids (or agriculturallyacceptable salt thereof) according to some embodiments of the presentdisclosure act as at least one of a potentiator, synergist, adjuvantand/or agonist when combined with a suitable pesticidal activeingredient, thereby desirably providing for a synergistic activity ofsuch a synergistic pesticidal composition against a target pest orpathogen.

Without being bound by any particular theory, in some embodiments of thepresent invention, it is believed that the one or more C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acids act to compromise or alter the integrity ofthe lipid bilayer and protein organization of cellular membranes intarget pest organisms. Further, it is also believed that in someembodiments one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids areparticularly adapted for combination to form synergistic pesticidalcompositions according to embodiments of the invention, whichdemonstrate synergistic efficacy, with pesticidal actives having apesticidal mode of action that is dependent upon interaction with one ormore components of the cellular membrane of a target pest. In some suchembodiments, one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids may beparticularly adapted for combining to form a synergistic pesticidalcomposition, demonstrating synergistic efficacy, with pesticidal activeswhich have a mode of action dependent on interaction with a cellularmembrane protein. In one such embodiment, the cellular membrane proteinmay comprise one or more cytochrome complexes, such as a cytochrome bclcomplex or a cytochrome p450 complex, for example. Accordingly, in oneaspect, synergistic pesticidal compositions according to someembodiments of the present invention may desirably be selected tocomprise one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids, and one or morepesticidal active having a pesticidal mode of action that is dependentupon interaction with one or more components of the cellular membrane ofa target pest, such as a cellular membrane protein, for example. In oneaspect, one or more C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphatic acids is providedin combination with one or more pesticidal active having a pesticidalmode of action that is dependent upon interaction with one or morecomponents of the cellular membrane of a target pest, such as a cellularmembrane protein, for example.

In a particular embodiment, one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacids are particularly adapted for combination to form synergisticpesticidal compositions according to embodiments of the invention, whichdemonstrate synergistic efficacy, with pesticidal actives having apesticidal mode of action interacting with (such as by inhibiting one ormore receptor sites) the cellular membrane cytochrome bcl complex (alsoknown as the cytochrome complex III), such as fungicidal activescollectively referred to as Group 11 actives by the Fungicide ResistanceAction Committee (FRAC), including e.g. azoxystrobin, coumoxystrobin,enoxastrobin, flufenoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraoxystrobin,mandestrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, triclopyricarb,kresoxim-methyl trifloxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, fenaminstrobin,metominostrobin, orysastrobin, famoxadone, fluoxastrobin, fenamidone, orpyribencar. In one such embodiment, a synergistic pesticidal compositionmay be selected comprising one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidand a pesticidal active having a pesticidal mode of action interactingwith the cellular cytochrome bcl complex, such as a strobilurinpesticidal active. In alternative such embodiments, the synergisticpesticidal composition comprises one or more C11 or C12 unsaturatedaliphatic acids.

In another particular embodiment, one or more C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acids are particularly adapted for combination to formsynergistic pesticidal compositions according to embodiments of theinvention, which demonstrate synergistic efficacy, with pesticidalactives having a pesticidal mode of action interacting with (such as byinhibiting one or more receptor sites) the cellular membrane cytochromep450 complex, such as to inhibit sterol biosynthesis, as is the casewith exemplary fungicidal actives collectively referred to as FRAC Group3 actives, including e.g. triforine, pyrifenox, pyrisoxazole, fenarimol,nuarimol, imazalil, oxpoconazole, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizole,azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole,diniconazole, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenbuconazole,fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole,ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole,simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol,triticonazole, or prothioconazole. In one such embodiment, a synergisticpesticidal composition may be selected comprising one or more C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid and a pesticidal active having a pesticidalmode of action interacting with the cellular cytochrome p450 complex,such as an azole or triazole pesticidal active, for example. Inalternative such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal compositioncomprises one or more C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphatic acids.

In another particular embodiment, one or more C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acids are particularly adapted for combination to formsynergistic pesticidal compositions according to embodiments of theinvention, which demonstrate synergistic efficacy, with pesticidalactives having a pesticidal mode of action interacting with (such as byinhibiting one or more receptor sites) the cellular membrane, such as touncouple oxidative phosphorylation, as is the case with exemplaryinsecticidal actives collectively referred to as Group 13 actives by theInsecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), including e.g.quinoxyfen or proquinazid. In one such embodiment, a synergisticpesticidal composition may be selected comprising one or more C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid and a pesticidal active having a pesticidalmode of action interacting with the cellular membrane, such as a pyrroleinsecticidal active, an example of which is chlorfenapyr. In alternativesuch embodiments, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises oneor more C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphatic acids.

Without being bound by any particular theory, in some furtherembodiments of the present invention, it is believed that one or moreC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids act to compromise or alter theintegrity of the lipid bilayer and protein organization of cellularmembranes in target pest organisms, and by so doing are effective toincrease at least one of the fluidity and permeability of a cellularmembrane of a target pest organism, which may desirably increasepermeability and/or transport of a pesticidal active through thecellular membrane, for example. Further, it is also believed that insome embodiments one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids areparticularly adapted for combination to form synergistic pesticidalcompositions according to embodiments of the invention, whichdemonstrate synergistic efficacy, with pesticidal actives having apesticidal mode of action that is dependent upon transport across one ormore cellular membrane of a target pest, such as to interact with atarget site inside a cell or an intracellular organelle of the targetpest. In some such embodiments, a synergistic pesticidal compositionaccording to an embodiment of the present invention, demonstratingsynergistic efficacy, may comprise one or more C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid, and one or more pesticidal active having a mode ofaction dependent on transport across a cellular membrane. Accordingly,in one aspect, synergistic pesticidal compositions according to someembodiments of the present invention may desirably be selected tocomprise one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids, and one or morepesticidal active having a pesticidal mode of action that is dependentupon interaction with a target site within a cell or intracellularorganelle of a target pest, such as a cellular membrane protein, forexample. In alternative such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidalcomposition comprises one or more C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphaticacids.

In a particular embodiment, one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacids are particularly adapted for combination to form synergisticpesticidal compositions according to embodiments of the invention, whichdemonstrate synergistic efficacy, with pesticidal actives having apesticidal mode of action interacting with (such as by inhibiting one ormore receptors) at a target site across a cellular membrane of a targetpest, such as fungicidal actives collectively referred to as FRAC Group9 and Group 12 actives, for example, including e.g. cyprodinil,mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, fenpiclonil or fludioxonil. In one suchembodiment, a synergistic pesticidal composition may be selectedcomprising one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid and apesticidal active having a pesticidal mode of action interacting with atarget site within a cellular membrane of a target pest, such as one ormore of an anilinopyrimidine such as cyprodinil, and a phenylpyrrolesuch as fludioxonil, for example. In alternative such embodiments, thesynergistic pesticidal composition comprises one or more C11 or C12unsaturated aliphatic acids.

Without being bound by any particular theory, in some yet furtherembodiments of the present invention, it is believed that one or moreC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids act to compromise or alter theintegrity of the lipid bilayer and protein organization of cellularmembranes in target pest organisms, and by so doing are effective toincrease at least one of the fluidity and permeability of a cellularmembrane of a target pest organism, which may desirably increasepermeability and/or transport of a pesticidal active through thecellular membrane, for example. Further, it is also believed that insome preferred embodiments one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacids having unsaturated C—C bonds at one or more of the second (2-),third (3-) and terminal ((n−1)-) locations in the aliphatic acid carbonchain are particularly adapted for combination to form synergisticpesticidal compositions according to embodiments of the invention, whichdemonstrate synergistic efficacy, with pesticidal actives. In someparticular such embodiments, one or more C6-C10 aliphatic acidscomprising an unsaturated C—C bond at one or more of the 2-,3- and(n−1)-) locations (wherein n is the number of carbons in the unsaturatedaliphatic acid) may desirably be particularly adapted for formingsynergistic pesticidal compositions in combination with one or morepesticidal active having a pesticidal mode of action that is dependentupon interaction with a cellular membrane component of a target pest, ordependent upon transport across one or more cellular membrane of atarget pest (such as to interact with a target site inside a cell or anintracellular organelle of the target pest). In some such embodiments, asynergistic pesticidal composition according to an embodiment of thepresent invention, demonstrating synergistic efficacy, may comprise oneor more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid having an unsaturated C—C bondat one or more of the 2-, 3- and terminal ((n−1)-) locations in thealiphatic acid carbon chain, and one or more pesticidal active having amode of action dependent on interaction with a target pest cellularmembrane component, or on transport across a target pest cellularmembrane. In alternative such embodiments, the synergistic pesticidalcomposition comprises one or more C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphatic acidshaving an unsaturated C—C bond at one or more of the 2-, 3- and terminal((n−1)-).

In some embodiments according to the present disclosure, a synergisticpesticidal composition accordingly to the present invention comprises aC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof), as an exemplary cell permeabilizing agent, in combination witha pesticide. In some embodiments, the synergistic composition comprisesa C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof), as an exemplary cell permeabilizing agent, in combination witha fungicide. In some embodiments, the synergistic composition comprisesa C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof), as an exemplary cell permeabilizing agent, in combination witha nematicide. In some embodiments, the synergistic composition comprisesa C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof), as an exemplary cell permeabilizing agent, in combination withan insecticide. In some such embodiments, the unsaturated aliphatic acidis a C11 or C12 unsaturated aliphatic acid.

In one such embodiment, without being bound to a particular theory, itis believed that the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may act as acellular membrane delivery agent, so as to improve the entry of and/orbioavailability or systemic distribution of a pesticidal activeingredient within a target pest cell and/or within a pest intracellularorganelle, such by facilitating the pesticidal active ingredient inpassing into the mitochondria of the pest cells, for example. In someother embodiments, without being bound by a particular theory, theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may further provide for synergisticinteraction with one or more additional compounds provided as part ofthe pesticidal composition, such as an additional C6-C10 saturatedaliphatic acid, or one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids, orone or more additional active ingredients or adjuvants, so as to providefor synergistic enhancement of a pesticidal effect provided by the atleast one pesticidal active ingredient, for example.

In another aspect, without being bound to any particular theory, it isbelieved that the one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids (oragriculturally acceptable salt thereof) according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure act as at least one of a potentiator, synergist,adjuvant and/or agonist when combined with a suitable pesticidalingredient, thereby desirably providing for a synergistic activity ofsuch a synergistic pesticidal composition against a target pest orpathogen.

In some embodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (oragriculturally acceptable salt thereof) comprises an aliphatic carbonylalkene. In some embodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (oragriculturally acceptable salt thereof) comprises at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid having at least one carboxyl group and atleast one unsaturated C—C bond. In another embodiment, the C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof)comprises at least two C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids having atleast one carboxyl group and at least one unsaturated C—C bond. In yetanother embodiment, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (oragriculturally acceptable salt thereof) comprises at least onecarboxylic acid group and at least one of a double or triple C—C bond.In a further embodiment, a synergistic pesticidal composition isprovided comprising at least one pesticidal active ingredient, and atleast one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (or agriculturallyacceptable salt thereof) having at least one carboxylic acid group andat least one unsaturated C—C bond, in combination with at least oneC6-C10 saturated aliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof).

In some embodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (oragriculturally acceptable salt thereof) comprises an aliphatic carbonylalkene having one of the general structures (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) and(6) as shown in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid may comprise an agriculturally acceptable salt formthereof. In yet another embodiment, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacid may be provided as a plant extract or oil, or fraction thereof,containing the at least one C6-C10 saturated or unsaturated aliphaticacid, for example.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof) and afungicidal active ingredient. In some embodiments, the effective dose ofthe fungicidal active ingredient when used in combination with theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid is lower than the effective dose ofthe fungicidal active ingredient when used alone (i.e. a smaller amountof fungicidal active can still control fungi when used in a compositiontogether with the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid). In someembodiments, a fungicidal active ingredient that is not effectiveagainst a particular species of fungi (such as at a particularconcentration that is below a lower limit of efficacy for a particularfungi, or for a particular species of fungi which may be at leastpartially resistant or tolerant to the particular fungicidal activeingredient when applied alone) can be made effective against thatparticular species when used in a composition together with a C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof) and anematicidal active ingredient. In some embodiments, the effective doseof the nematicidal active ingredient when used in combination with theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid is lower than the effective dose ofthe nematicidal active ingredient when used alone (i.e. a smaller amountof nematicidal active can still control nematodes when used in acomposition together with the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid). Insome embodiments, a nematicidal active ingredient that is not effectiveagainst a particular species of nematode (such as at a particularconcentration that is below a lower limit of efficacy for a particularnematode, or for a particular species of nematode which may be at leastpartially resistant or tolerant to the particular nematicidal activeingredient when applied alone) can be made effective against thatparticular species when used in a composition together with a C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof) and aninsecticidal active ingredient. In some embodiments, the effective doseof the insecticidal active ingredient when used in combination with theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid is lower than the effective dose ofthe insecticidal active ingredient when used alone (i.e. a smalleramount of insecticidal active can still control insects when used in acomposition together with the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid). Insome embodiments, an insecticidal active ingredient that is noteffective against a particular species of insect (such as at aparticular concentration that is below a lower limit of efficacy for aparticular insect, or for a particular species of insect which may be atleast partially resistant or tolerant to the particular insecticidalactive ingredient when applied alone) can be made effective against thatparticular species when used in a composition together with a C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid. In further embodiments, the C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid may desirably provide for a synergisticincreased efficacy of at least one of an acaricidal, molluscicidal,bactericidal or virucidal active ingredient such that the composition ispesticidally effective against one or more of an acari, mollusk,bacterial or viral pest, for example.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid (or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof) and apesticidal natural or essential oil, for example, neem oil. In someembodiments, the pesticidal natural oil may comprise one or more of:neem oil, karanja oil, clove oil, peppermint oil, mint oil, cinnamonoil, thyme oil, oregano oil, geranium oil, lime oil, lavender oil, aniseoil, and/or garlic oil and/or components, derivatives and/or extracts ofone or more pesticidal natural oil, or a combination of the foregoing,for example. In some embodiments, the pesticidal natural oil is neem oilor a component or derivative thereof. In another embodiment, thepesticidal natural oil comprises karanja oil or a component orderivative thereof. In another embodiment, the pesticidal natural oilcomprises thyme oil or a component or derivative thereof.

In other embodiments, the pesticidal natural oil may comprise anynatural oil or oil mixture that includes one or more constituents commonto two or more of the pesticidal natural oils listed above (i.e. neemoil, karanja oil, clove oil, peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, thyme oil,oregano oil, garlic oil, anise oil, geranium oil, lime oil, lavenderoil), including, but not limited to, thymol (found in oregano oil andthyme oil), p-cymene (found in oregano oil and thyme oil), 1,8-cineole(found in thyme oil and peppermint oil), eugenol (found in clove oil andcinnamon oil), limonene (found in cinnamon, peppermint, and lime oil),alpha-pinene (found in cinnamon oil, geranium oil, and lime oil),carvacrol (found in oregano oil, thyme oil, and clove oil),gamma-terpinene (found in oregano oil and lime oil), geraniol (found inthyme oil and geranium oil), alpha-Terpineol (found in thyme oil andanise oil), beta-caryophyllene (found in clove oil, cinnamon oil, andpeppermint oil) and linalool (found in thyme oil, cinnamon oil andgeranium oil, amongst others). In other embodiments, the pesticidalnatural oil may comprise any oil having as a constituent one of thefollowing compounds, or a combination of the following compounds:azadirachtin, nimbin, nimbinin, salannin, gedunin, geraniol, geranial,gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpineol, beta-caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol,myrcenol-8, thuyanol-4, benzyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamylacetate, alpha-pinene, geranyl acetate, citronellol, citronellylformate, isomenthone, 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol,1,5-dimethyl-1-vinyl-4-hexenylbutyrate, 1,3,7-octatriene, eucalyptol,camphor, diallyl disulfide, methyl allyl trisulfide, 3-vinyl-4H-1,2dithiin, 3-vinyl-1,2 dithiole-5-cyclohexane, diallyl trisulfide,anethole, methyl chavicol, anisaldehyde, estragole, linalyl acetate,geranial, beta-pinene, thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, beta-myrcene,alpha-myrcene, 1,8-cineole, eugenol, limonene, alpha-pinene, menthol,menthone, and linalool.

In further embodiments, the pesticidal natural oil may comprise one ormore suitable plant essential oils or extracts or fractions thereofdisclosed herein including, without limitation: alpha- or beta-pinene;alpha-campholenic aldehyde; alpha.-citronellol; alpha-iso-amyl-cinnamic(e.g., amyl cinnamic aldehyde); alpha-pinene oxide; alpha-cinnamicterpinene; alpha-terpineol (e.g.,1-methyl-4-isopropyl-1-cyclohexen-8-ol); lamda-terpinene; achillea;aldehyde C16 (pure); allicin; alpha-phellandrene; amyl cinnamicaldehyde; amyl salicylate; anethole; anise; aniseed; anisic aldehyde;basil; bay; benzyl acetate; benzyl alcohol; bergamot (e.g., Monardiafistulosa, Monarda didyma, Citrus bergamia, Monarda punctata); bitterorange peel; black pepper; borneol; calamus; camphor; cananga oil (e.g.,java); cardamom; carnation (e.g., dianthus caryophyllus); carvacrol;carveol; cassia; castor; cedar (e.g., hinoki); cedarwood; chamomile;cineole; cinnamaldehyde; cinnamic alcohol; cinnamon; cis-pinane; citral(e.g., 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal); citronella; citronellal;citronellol dextro (e.g., 3-7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol); citronellol;citronellyl acetate; citronellyl nitrile; citrus unshiu; clary sage;clove (e.g., eugenia caryophyllus); clove bud; coriander; corn; cottonseed; d-dihydrocarvone; decyl aldehyde; diallyl disulfide; diethylphthalate; dihydroanethole; dihydrocarveol; dihydrolinalool;dihydromyrcene; dihydromyrcenol; dihydromyrcenyl acetate;dihydroterpineol; dimethyl salicylate; dimethyloctanal; dimethyloctanol;dimethyloctanyl acetate; diphenyl oxide; dipropylene glycol; d-limonene;d-pulegone; estragole; ethyl vanillin (e.g.,3-ethoxy-4-hydrobenzaldehyde); eucalyptol (e.g., cineole); eucalyptuscitriodora; eucalyptus globulus; eucalyptus; eugenol (e.g.,2-methoxy-4-allyl phenol); evening primrose; fenchol; fennel; Ferniol™;fish; florazon (e.g., 4-ethyl-.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-benzenepropanal); galaxolide; geraniol (e.g.,2-trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-ol); geraniol; geranium; geranylacetate; geranyl nitrile; ginger; grapefruit; guaiacol; guaiacwood;gurjun balsam; heliotropin; herbanate (e.g., 3-(1-methyl-ethyl)bicyclo(2,2,1) hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester); hiba;hydroxycitronellal; i-carvone; i-methyl acetate; ionone; isobutylquinoleine (e.g., 6-secondary butyl quinoline); isobornyl acetate;isobornyl methylether; isoeugenol; isolongifolene; jasmine; jojoba;juniper berry; lavender; lavandin; lemon grass; lemon; lime; limonene;linallol oxide; linallol; linalyl acetate; linseed; litsea cubeba;I-methyl acetate; longifolene; mandarin; mentha; menthane hydroperoxide;menthol crystals; menthol laevo (e.g., 5-methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol); menthol; menthone laevo (e.g., 4-isopropyl-1-methylcyclohexan-3-one); methyl anthranilate; methyl cedryl ketone; methylchavicol; methyl hexyl ether; methyl ionone; mineral; mint; muskambrette; musk ketone; musk xylol; mustard (also known asallylisothio-cyanate); myrcene; nerol; neryl acetate; nonyl aldehyde;nutmeg (e.g., myristica fragrans); orange (e.g., citrus aurantiumdulcis); orris (e.g., iris florentina) root; para-cymene; para-hydroxyphenyl butanone crystals (e.g., 4-(4-hydroxphenyl)-2-butanone); passionpalmarosa oil (e.g., cymbopogon martini); patchouli (e.g., pogostemoncablin); p-cymene; pennyroyal oil; pepper; peppermint (e.g., Menthapiperita); perillaldehyde; petitgrain (e.g., citrus aurantium amara);phenyl ethyl alcohol; phenyl ethyl propionate; phenylethyl-2-methylbutyrate; pimento berry; pimento leaf; pinanehydroperoxide; pinanol; pine ester; pine needle; pine; pinene;piperonal; piperonyl acetate; piperonyl alcohol; plinol; plinyl acetate;pseudo ionone; rhodinol; rhodinyl acetate; rosalin; rose; rosemary(e.g., Rosmarinus officinalis); ryu; sage; sandalwood (e.g., santalumalbum); sandenol; sassafras; sesame; soybean; spearmint; spice; spikelavender; spirantol; starflower; tangerine; tea seed; tea tree;terpenoid; terpineol; terpinolene; terpinyl acetate;tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate; tetrahydrolinalool; tetrahydrolinalylacetate; tetrahydromyrcenol; thulasi; thyme; thymol; tomato;trans-2-hexenol; trans-anethole and metabolites thereof; turmeric;turpentine; vanillin (e.g., 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde); vetiver;vitalizair; white cedar; white grapefruit; wintergreen (methylsalicylate) oils, and the like.

In some embodiments, the effective dose of a pesticidal natural oil whenused in combination with the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (oragriculturally acceptable salt thereof) is lower than the effective doseof the pesticidal natural oil when used alone (i.e. a smaller amount ofpesticidal natural oil can still control pests when used in acomposition together with a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid). In someembodiments, an essential oil that is not effective against a particularspecies of pest can be made effective against that particular specieswhen used in a composition together with a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphaticacid.

In some embodiments, the at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidmay comprise a naturally occurring unsaturated aliphatic acid, such asmay be present in, or extracted, fractionated or derived from a naturalplant or animal material, for example. In one such embodiment, the atleast one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise one or morenaturally occurring aliphatic acids provided in a plant extract orfraction thereof. In another such embodiment, the at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid may comprise one or more naturally occurringaliphatic acids provided in an animal extract or product, or fractionthereof. In one such embodiment, the at least one C6-C10 unsaturatedalphatic acid may comprise a naturally occurring aliphatic acidcomprised in a plant oil extract, such as one or more of coconut oil,palm oil, palm kernel oil, corn oil, or fractions or extracts therefrom.In another such embodiment, the at least one C6-C10 unsaturated alphaticacid may comprise a naturally occurring aliphatic acid comprised in ananimal extract or product, such as one or more of cow's milk, goat'smilk, beef tallow, and/or cow or goat butter, or fractions or extractsthereof for example. In a particular embodiment, at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid may be provided as a component of one or morenatural plant or animal material, or extract or fraction or derivativethereof.

In some embodiments, an emulsifier or other surfactant may used inpreparing pesticidal compositions according to aspects of the presentdisclosure. Suitable surfactants can be selected by one skilled in theart. Examples of surfactants that can be used in some embodiments of thepresent disclosure include, but are not limited to sodium laurylsulfate, saponin, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated fatty esters,alkoxylated glycols, ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated castor oil,glyceryl oleates, carboxylated alcohols, carboxylic acids, ethoxylatedalkylphenols, fatty esters, sodium dodecylsulfide, other natural orsynthetic surfactants, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments,the surfactant(s) are non-ionic surfactants. In some embodiments, thesurfactant(s) are cationic or anionic surfactants. In some embodiments,a surfactant may comprise two or more surface active agents used incombination. The selection of an appropriate surfactant depends upon therelevant applications and conditions of use, and selection ofappropriate surfactants are known to those skilled in the art.

In one aspect, a pesticidal composition according to some embodiments ofthe present disclosure comprises one or more suitable carrier or diluentcomponent. A suitable carrier or diluent component can be selected byone skilled in the art, depending on the particular application desiredand the conditions of use of the composition. Commonly used carriers anddiluents may include ethanol, isopropanol, isopropyl myristate, otheralcohols, water and other inert carriers, such as but not limited tothose listed by the EPA as a Minimal Risk Inert Pesticide Ingredients(4A) (the list of ingredients published dated December 2015 by the USEPA FIFRA 4a list published August 2004 entitled “List 4A—Minimal RiskInert Ingredients”) or, for example, Inert Pesticide Ingredients (4B)(the US EPA FIFRA 4b list published August 2004 entitled “List 4B—Otheringredients for which EPA has sufficient information”) or under EPAregulation 40 CFR 180.950 dated May 24, 2002, each of which is herebyincorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes including forexample, citric acid, lactic acid, glycerol, castor oil, benzoic acid,carbonic acid, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated amides, glycerides,benzene, butanol, 1-propanol, hexanol, other alcohols, dimethyl ether,and polyethylene glycol.

In one embodiment according to the present disclosure, a method ofenhancing the efficacy of a pesticide is provided. In one aspect, amethod of enhancing the efficacy of a fungicide is provided. In anotheraspect, a method of enhancing the efficacy of a nematicide is provided.In a further aspect, a method of enhancing the efficacy of aninsecticide is provided.

In one such embodiment, the method comprises providing a synergisticpesticidal composition comprising a pesticidal active ingredient and atleast one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid and exposing a pest to theresulting synergistic composition. In a particular exemplary embodiment,without being bound by any particular theory, the at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid is functional as a cell permeabilizing agent.In one aspect, the method comprises providing a fungicidal compositioncomprising a fungicidal active ingredient and at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid and exposing a fungus to the resultingsynergistic composition. In another aspect, the method comprisesproviding a nematicidal composition comprising a nematicidal activeingredient and at least one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid andexposing a nematode to the resulting synergistic composition. In afurther aspect, the method comprises providing an insecticidalcomposition comprising an insecticidal active ingredient and at leastone C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid and exposing an insect to theresulting synergistic composition.

In one embodiment according to the present disclosure, the at least oneC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid provided in a pesticidal compositioncomprises an unsaturated aliphatic carbonyl alkene. In a particular suchembodiment, without being bound by any particular theory, the at leastone C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid is functional as a cellpermeabilizing agent. In one such embodiment, the cell permeabilizingagent comprises a carbonyl alkene having the general structure (1), (2),(3), (4), (5) or (6) as shown in FIG. 1. In a further embodiment, thecell permeabilizing agent comprises at least one unsaturated aliphaticacid comprising at least one carboxylic group and having at least oneunsaturated C—C bond.

In one exemplary embodiment, a method comprises providing a synergisticpesticidal composition comprising a pesticidal active ingredient and atleast one C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid which may desirably befunctional as a cell permeabilizing or cell membrane disturbing agent,and exposing a pest to the synergistic pesticidal composition toincrease the amount of the pesticidal active ingredient that enterscells of the pest. In some such embodiments, the pesticidal active is afungicide and the pest is a fungus, and without being bound by aparticular theory, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid cellpermeabilizing agent allows the fungicide to pass more easily throughthe fungal cell walls and membranes. In some such embodiments, thepesticide is a nematicide and the pest is a nematode, and without beingbound by a particular theory, the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid cellpermeabilizing agent allows the nematicide to pass more easily throughthe nematode cell membranes. In some such embodiments, the pesticide isan insecticide, and without being bound by a particular theory, theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid cell permeabilizing agent allows theinsecticide to pass more easily through insect cuticle, chitin membrane,or cell or intracellular membranes.

In some embodiments, in addition to the actual synergistic action withrespect to pesticidal activity, certain synergistic pesticidalcompositions according to embodiments of the present disclosure can alsodesirably have further surprising advantageous properties. Examples ofsuch additional advantageous properties may comprise one or more of:more advantageous degradability in the environment; improvedtoxicological and/or ecotoxicological behaviour such as reduced aquatictoxicity or toxicity to beneficial insects, for example.

In a further aspect, for any of the embodiments described above or belowproviding for a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising at leastone pesticidal active and one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidor salt thereof, in an alternative embodiment, the synergisticpesticidal composition may alternatively comprise at least onepesticidal active and one or more C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid or saltthereof. In another aspect, for any of the embodiments described aboveproviding for a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising at leastone pesticidal active and one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidor salt thereof, in an alternative embodiment, the synergisticpesticidal composition may alternatively comprise at least onepesticidal active and one or more C12 unsaturated aliphatic acid or saltthereof.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, thecombination of a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid and a pesticidalactive ingredient produces a synergistic pesticidal compositiondemonstrating a synergistic pesticidal effect. In some embodiments, thesynergistic action between the pesticidal active ingredient, and theC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid components of the pesticidalcompositions according to embodiments of the present disclosure wastested using a Synergistic Growth Inhibition Assay, which is derivedfrom and related to a checkerboard assay as is known in the art fortesting of combinations of antimicrobial agents. In the SynergisticGrowth Inhibition Assay used in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent disclosure, multiple dilutions of combinations of pesticidalactive ingredient and C6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12) unsaturatedaliphatic acid agents are tested in individual cells for inhibitoryactivity against a target pest or pathogenic organism. In one suchembodiment, the combinations of pesticidal active ingredient and C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid agents may preferably be tested in decreasingconcentrations. In a further such embodiment, the combinations ofpesticidal active ingredient and C6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12)unsaturated aliphatic acid agents may be tested in increasingconcentrations. These multiple combinations of the pesticidal activeingredient and C6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12) unsaturatedaliphatic acid agents may be prepared in 96-well microtiter plates. Inone such embodiment, the Synergistic Growth Inhibition Assay thencomprises rows which each contain progressively decreasingconcentrations of the pesticidal active ingredient and C6-C10 (oralternatively C11 or C12) unsaturated aliphatic acid agents to test forthe MIC of the agents in combination at which growth of the target pestor pathogen is inhibited. Thus, each well of the microtiter plate is aunique combination of the two agents, at which inhibitory efficacy ofthe combination against the target pest or pathogen can be determined.

A method of determining and quantifying synergistic efficacy is bycalculation of the “Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index” or FICindex, as is known in the art for determining synergy between twoantibiotic agents (see for example M. J. Hall et al., “The fractionalinhibitory concentration (FIC) index as a measure of synergy”, JAntimicrob Chem., 11 (5):427-433, 1983, for example). In one embodimentaccording to the present disclosure, for each row of microtiter cells inthe Synergistic Growth Inhibition Assay, the FIC index is calculatedfrom the lowest concentration of the pesticidal active ingredient andC6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid agents necessary to inhibit growth ofa target pest or pathogen. The FIC of each component is derived bydividing the concentration of the agent present in that well of themicrotiter plate by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) needed ofthat agent alone to inhibit growth of the target pest or pathogen. TheFIC index is then the sum of these values for both agents in that wellof the microtiter plate. The FIC index is calculated for each row asfollows:

FIC_(index)=MIC_(a)/MIC_(A)+MIC_(b)/MIC_(B)

where MIC_(a), MIC_(b) are the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ofcompounds A and B, respectively, when combined in the mixture of thecomposition, and MIC_(A), MIC_(B) are the MIC of compounds A and B,respectively, when used alone. Fractional inhibitory concentrationindices may then used as measure of synergy. When the lowest FIC indexobtained in a microtiter plate in this way is less than 1(FIC_(index)<1), the combination of the pesticidal active ingredient andC6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12) unsaturated aliphatic acid agentsexhibits synergism, and indicates a synergistic pesticidal composition.When the FIC index is equal to 1, the combination is additive. FIC indexvalues of greater than 4 are considered to exhibit antagonism.

In a particular embodiment, when the FIC index is equal or less than0.5, the combination of the pesticidal active ingredient and C6-C10 (oralternatively C11 or C12) unsaturated aliphatic acid agents exhibitsstrong synergism. For example, in one embodiment, an FIC index of 0.5may correspond to a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising apesticidal agent at a of its individual MIC, and a C6-C10 (oralternatively C11 or C12) unsaturated aliphatic acid agent at of itsindividual MIC.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the exemplary SynergisticGrowth Inhibition Assay was conducted starting with an initialcomposition comprising a pesticidal active ingredient agent at itsindividual MIC and a C6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12) unsaturatedaliphatic acid agent at its individual MIC in the first well of a row ona 96 well microtiter plate. Then, serial dilutions of these initialcompositions in successive wells in the row of the microtiter plate wereused to assay the pesticidal composition under the same conditions todetermine the concentration of the composition combining the two agentscorresponding to the microtiter well in which growth inhibition of thetarget pest or organism ceases. The minimal inhibitory concentrations ofeach individual pesticidal active ingredient agent (compound A) and eachof the one or more C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid agent (as compoundB) were determined in parallel with the compositions combining the twoagents.

In some embodiments, Fusarium oxysporum was used as a representativepest organism or pathogen to determine synergy in pesticidalcompositions comprising a pesticidal active ingredient agent and aC6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12) unsaturated aliphatic acid agent.Resazurin dye (also known as Alamar blue dye) was used as an indicatorto determine the presence of growth or inhibition of growth of Fusariumoxysporum in the wells of the 96 well microtiter plates used in theexemplary Synergistic Growth Inhibition Assay. In addition to the colorchange of the resazurin dye in the presence of growth of the Fusariumoxysporum, an optical or visual examination of the microtiter well mayalso be made to additionally determine the presence of growth orinhibition of growth of the Fusarium oxysporum.

In other embodiments, Botrytis cinerea was used as a representative pestorganism or pathogen to determine synergy in pesticidal compositionscomprising a pesticidal active ingredient and a C6-C10 (or alternativelyC11 or C12) unsaturated aliphatic acid agent. Similarly to as describedabove, Resazurin was used as an indicator of growth or inhibition ofgrowth of Botrytis cinerea in the exemplary Synergistic GrowthInhibition Assay. In addition to the color change of the resazurin, anoptical or visual examination of the microtiter well may also be made toadditionally determine the presence of growth or inhibition of growth ofthe Botrytis cinerea.

Alternatively, other suitable representative pest or pathogen organismsmay be used to determine synergy of combinations of pesticidal activeingredient agents and C6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12) unsaturatedaliphatic acid agents in accordance with embodiments of the presentdisclosure. For example, other representative fungal pathogens may beused, such as but not limited to Leptosphaeria maculans, Sclerotiniaspp. and Verticillium spp. In yet other examples, suitable non-fungalrepresentative pests or pathogens may be used, such as insect, acari,nematode, bacterial, viral, mollusc or other pests or pathogens suitablefor use in an MIC growth inhibition assay test method.

All examples detailed below were tested according to the exemplarySynergistic Growth Inhibition Assay described above, using routinetechniques for MIC determination known to those of skill in the art.Stock solutions of the pesticidal active ingredient agents and theC6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12) unsaturated aliphatic acid agentswere initially prepared in 100% dimethylsulfoxide (“DMSO”), and dilutedto 10% DMSO using sterile potato dextrose broth (PDB) before furtherserial dilution to obtain the test solution concentrations for use inthe microtiter plate wells, with exceptions in particular experimentalexamples noted in detail below. Accordingly, the maximum concentrationof DMSO in the test solutions was limited to 10% DMSO or less, which wasseparately determined to be non-inhibitory to the growth of therepresentative fungal pests used in the test.

A culture of the representative fungal pathogen, namely Fusariumoxysporum or Botrytis cinerea, for example, is grown to exponentialphase in potato dextrose broth (PDB). A 20 uL aliquot of homogenizedmycelium from the culture is transferred to a well of a 96 wellmicrotiter plate, and incubated for 1 day with 180 uL of the testsolution comprising the pesticidal and aliphatic acid agents incombination at a range of dilutions, to allow the mycelium to grow.Following the incubation, 10 uL of resazurin dye is added to each welland the color in the solution is compared to the color of the testsolution at the same concentrations in wells without mycelial cultureinoculum to control for effects of the test solution alone. Theresazurin dye appears blue for wells with only the initial 20 uL culturewhere growth has been inhibited, and appears pink for wells wheremycelial growth has occurred, as shown in FIG. 2, where the transitionfrom blue to pink color can be clearly seen in each of the uppermost 4rows of microtiter wells (labelled as 1-4 in FIG. 2) as theconcentration of the pesticidal and C6-C10 (or alternatively C11 or C12)unsaturated aliphatic acid agents in the test solution decreases fromleft to right. In addition to the color change of the resazurin dye,growth or absence of growth of the mycelial culture is also observedvisually or optically.

In accordance with this assay method, the Minimum InhibitoryConcentration is the lowest concentration at which growth is inhibited,and corresponds to the microtiter well in which the dye color is thesame as for the control without culture and without growth, and/or inwhich a visual and/or optical inspection confirm that growth isinhibited.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum byPyraclostrobin in Combination with Several Exemplary C6-C10 UnsaturatedAliphatic Acids (or Agriculturally Acceptable Salts Thereof) SamplePreparation:

10 mg of pyraclostrobin (available from Santa Cruz Biotechnology ofDallas, Tex. as stock #229020) was dissolved in 10 mL dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO) and the resulting solution was diluted 2-fold in DMSO to give aconcentration of 0.5 mg/mL. This solution was diluted 10-fold in potatodextrose broth (PDB) to give a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL in 10%DMSO/90% PDB. The solubility of pyraclostrobin in 10% DMSO/90% PDB wasdetermined to be 0.0154 mg/mL using high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC).

A solution of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, potassium salt, was preparedby dissolving 2 g of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, potassium salt, in 20mL of PDB which was diluted further by serial dilution in PDB. Asolution of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrichas stock #W342904) was prepared by dissolving 20 mg of(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid in 1 mL DMSO and adding 0.1 mL to 0.9 mLPDB resulting in a 2 mg/mL solution of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid in10% DMSO/90% PDB which was diluted further by serial dilution in PDB.

A solution of trans-2-hexenoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich asstock #W316903) was prepared by dissolving 100 mg trans-2-hexenoic acidin 1 mL DMSO and adding 0.1 mL to 0.9 mL PDB resulting in a 10 mg/mLsolution in 10% DMSO/90% PDB which was diluted further by serialdilution in PDB. A solution of trans-3-hexenoic acid (available fromSigma-Aldrich as stock #W317004) was prepared by adding 20 uLtrans-3-hexenoic acid to 1980 uL PDB and the resulting solution wasserially diluted in PDB. The density of trans-3-hexenoic acid wasassumed to be 0.963 g/mL.

Combinations of pyraclostrobin and one or more exemplary C6-C10saturated or unsaturated aliphatic acids (and agriculturally acceptablesalts thereof) were prepared by adding 0.5 mL of 0.0308 mg/mLpyraclostrobin to 0.5 mL of 1.25 mg/mL (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid,potassium salt, (combination 1), 0.5 mL of 0.25 mg/mL(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid (combination 2), 0.5 mL of 0.625 mg/mL(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid (combination 3), 0.5 mL of 1.25 mg/mL oftrans-2-hexenoic acid (combination 4), or 0.5 mL of 0.6019 mg/mLtrans-3-hexenoic acid (combination 5). Each combination was tested overa range of 2-fold dilutions in the Synergistic Growth Inhibition Assaydetailed above, observed following a 24 hour incubation period, and theFIC Index for each combination calculated, as shown below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by pyraclostrobin incombination with several exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids (oragriculturally acceptable salts thereof). Ratio Combi- MIC (A) MIC (B)Compound B/ FIC nation Compound A Compound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound AIndex Pyraclostrobin 0.0154 (2E, 4E)-2, 4- 0.625 hexadienoic acid,potassium salt (2E, 4E)-2, 4- 0.125 hexadienoic acid Trans-2-hexenoicacid 0.3125 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 1 Pyraclostrobin (2E, 4E)-2, 4-0.00385 0.1563 40 0.50 hexadienoic acid, potassium salt 2 Pyraclostrobin(2E, 4E)-2, 4- 0.00385 0.03125 20 0.50 hexadienoic acid 3 Pyraclostrobin(2E, 4E)-2, 4- 0.001925 0.03906  8 0.44 hexadienoic acid 4Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.00385 0.1563 40 0.75 5Pyraclostrobin Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.00385 0.07813 20 0.50

Example 2: Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by Fludioxonil inCombination with Several Exemplary Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids (orAgriculturally Acceptable Salts Thereof) Sample Preparation:

20 mg of fludioxonil (available from Shanghai Terppon Chemical Co. Ltd.,of Shanghai, China) was dissolved in 10 mL dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) andthe resulting solution was diluted 2-fold in DMSO to give aconcentration of 1 mg/mL. This solution was diluted 10-fold in potatodextrose broth (PDB) to give a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL in 10%DMSO/90% PDB. The solubility of fludioxonil in 10% DMSO/90% PDB wasdetermined to be 0.0154 mg/mL using HPLC.

A solution of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, potassium salt, was preparedby dissolving 2 g of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, potassium salt, in 20mL of PDB which was diluted further by serial dilution in PDB. Asolution of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrichas #W342904) was prepared by dissolving 20 mg of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoicacid in 1 mL DMSO and adding 0.1 mL to 0.9 mL PDB resulting in a 2 mg/mLsolution of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid in 10% DMSO/90% PDB which wasdiluted further by serial dilution in PDB.

A solution of trans-2-hexenoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich asstock #W316903) was prepared by dissolving 100 mg trans-2-hexenoic acidin 1 mL DMSO and adding 0.1 mL to 0.9 mL PDB resulting in a 10 mg/mLsolution in 10% DMSO/90% PDB which was diluted further by serialdilution in PDB. A solution of trans-3-hexenoic acid (available fromSigma-Aldrich as stock #W317004) was prepared by adding 20 uLtrans-3-hexenoic acid to 1980 uL PDB and the resulting solution wasserially diluted in PDB. The density of trans-3-hexenoic acid wasassumed to be 0.963 g/mL.

Combinations of compounds A and B as shown below in Table 2 wereprepared by adding 0.5 mL of 9.63×10−4 mg/mL fludioxonil to each of 0.5mL of 0.625 mg/mL (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, potassium salt,(combination 1), 0.5 mL of 0.25 mg/mL (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid(combination 2), 0.5 mL of 0.625 mg/mL of trans-2-hexenoic acid(combination 3), and 0.5 mL of 0.6019 mg/mL trans-3-hexenoic acid(combination 4). Each combination was tested over a range of 2-folddilutions in the synergistic growth inhibition assay, observed followinga 24 hour incubation period, and the FIC Index for each combinationcalculated, as shown below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by fludioxonil incombination with several exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids (oragriculturally acceptable salts thereof). Ratio Combi- MIC (A) MIC (B)Compound B/ FIC nation Compound A Compound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound AIndex Fludioxonil 4.8125 × 10⁻⁴ (2E, 4E)-2, 4- 0.625 hexadienoic acid,potassium salt (2E, 4E)-2, 4- 0.125 hexadienoic acid Trans-2-hexenoicacid 0.3125 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 1 Fludioxonil (2E, 4E)-2, 4-6.0188 × 10⁻⁵ 0.03906 649 0.19 hexadienoic acid, potassium salt 2Fludioxonil (2E, 4E)-2, 4- 6.0188 × 10⁻⁵ 0.01563 260 0.25 hexadienoicacid 3 Fludioxonil Trans-2-hexenoic acid 1.2038 × 10⁻⁴ 0.07813 649 0.5 4 Fludioxonil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 1.2038 × 10⁻⁴ 0.07813 649 0.5 

Example 3: Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by Fludioxonil inCombination with Several Exemplary Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids SamplePreparation:

20 mg fludioxonil (available from Shanghai Terppon Chemical Co. Ltd., ofShanghai, China) was dissolved in 10 mL dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and theresulting solution was diluted 2-fold in DMSO to give a concentration of1 mg/mL. This solution was diluted 10-fold in potato dextrose broth(PDB) to give a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL in 10% DMSO/90% PDB. Thesolubility of fludioxonil in 10% DMSO/90% PDB was determined to be0.0154 mg/mL using HPLC.

Stock solutions of several exemplary C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidsas Compound B for testing individual MICs were prepared at 25 uL/mL inDMSO by adding 25 uL of each Compound B to 975 uL DMSO, followed by10-fold dilution in PDB, for each of 3-octenoic acid (available fromSigma-Aldrich as stock #CDS000466), trans-2-octenoic acid (availablefrom Sigma-Aldrich as stock #CDS000466), 9-decenoic acid (available fromSigma-Aldrich as #W366005), 3-decenoic acid (available fromSigma-Aldrich as stock #CDS000299), and trans-2-decenoic acid (availablefrom TCI America as stock #D0098).

For testing in combination with fludioxonil, solutions of 3-octenoicacid, trans-2-octenoic acid, and 9-decenoic acid were prepared at 0.78uL/mL in DMSO by adding 3.125 uL of each Compound B to 2 mL of DMSO,followed by 2-fold dilution in DMSO to give 0.78 uL/mL. Solutions of3-decenoic acid and trans-2-decenoic acid were prepared similarly, butapplying a further 2-fold dilution in DMSO to give a concentration of0.39 uL/mL in DMSO.

Each of these resulting stock solutions were then diluted 10-fold in PDBto give solutions of 0.078 uL/mL for each of 3-octenoic acid,trans-2-octenoic acid, and 9-decenoic acid, and to give solutions of0.039 uL/mL for each of 3-decenoic acid and trans-2-decenoic acid, allin 10% DMSO/90% PDB.

Combinations of the exemplary Compound B components with fludioxonilwere prepared by adding 0.5 mL of 0.078 uL/mL of each of 3-octenoicacid, trans-2-octenoic acid, and 9-decenoic acid or 0.039 uL/mL of eachof 3-decenoic acid and trans-2-decenoic acid, to 0.5 mL of 4.813×10⁻⁴mg/mL fludioxonil obtained from serial dilution of 0.0154 mg/mL offludioxonil in 10% DMSO/90% PDB, as prepared above, with PDB. Thedensity of 3-octenoic acid was assumed to be 0.938 g/mL. The density oftrans-2-octenoic acid was assumed to be 0.955 g/mL. The density of3-decenoic acid was assumed to be 0.939 g/mL. The density oftrans-2-decenoic acid was assumed to be 0.928 g/mL. The density of9-decenoic acid was assumed to be 0.918 g/mL.

Each combination was tested over a range of 2-fold dilutions in thesynergistic growth inhibition assay, observed following a 24 hourincubation period, and the FIC Index for each combination calculated, asshown below in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by fludioxonil incombination with several exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids. RatioCombi- MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC nation Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Fludioxonil 2.4063 × 10⁻⁴ 3-Octenoicacid 0.1466  Trans-2- 0.1492  octenoic acid 3-Decenoic acid 0.07336Trans-2- 0.03625 decenoic acid 9-Decenoic acid 0.07172 1 Fludioxonil3-Octenoic acid 1.2031 × 10⁻⁴ 0.01832 152 0.63 2 Fludioxonil Trans-2-1.2031 × 10⁻⁴ 0.01865 155 0.63 octenoic acid 3 Fludioxonil 3-Decenoicacid 1.2031 × 10⁻⁴ 0.00917  76 0.63 4 Fludioxonil Trans-2- 1.2031 × 10⁻⁴0.00906  75 0.75 decenoic acid 5 Fludioxonil 9-Decenoic acid 1.2031 ×10⁻⁴ 0.01793 149 0.75

Example 4: Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by Thyme Oil inCombination in Combination with Several Exemplary Unsaturated AliphaticAcids Sample Preparation:

12.5 mg of thyme oil (available from Sigma-Aldrich as stock #W306509)was dissolved in 1 g dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and the resulting solutionwas diluted 10-fold in PDB to give a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL 10%DMSO/90% PDB.

Stock solutions of several exemplary C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acidsas Compound B for testing individual MICs were prepared at 25 μL/mL byadding 25 μL of each of 3-octenoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich asstock #CDS000466), trans-2-octenoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich),9-decenoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich as stock #W366005),3-decenoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich as stock #CDS000299), andtrans-2-decenoic acid (available from TCI America as stock #D0098), to975 μL DMSO followed by 10-fold dilution in PDB.

Stock solutions of the exemplary C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids asCompound B for testing in combination with thyme oil were prepared byadding 3.125 μL of each of 3-octenoic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid, and9-decenoic acid, to 2 mL of DMSO followed by 2-fold dilution in DMSO togive a 0.78 μL/mL concentration stock solution. Solutions of 3-decenoicacid and trans-2-decenoic acid were prepared similarly, but applying afurther 2-fold dilution in DMSO to give a concentration of 0.39 μL/mL.

Each of these resulting stock solutions were then diluted 10-folddilution in PDB to give solutions of 0.078 μL/mL (for each of 3-octenoicacid, trans-2-octenoic acid, and 9-decenoic acid) and 0.039 μL/mL (for3-decenoic acid and trans-2-decenoic acid) in 10% DMSO/90% PDB.

Combinations of the exemplary Compound B components with thyme oil wereprepared by adding 0.5 mL of 0.078 μL/mL of each of 3-octenoic acid,trans-2-octenoic acid, and 9-decenoic acid or 0.039 μL/mL of each of3-decenoic acid and trans-2-decenoic acid, to 0.5 mL of 1.25 mg/mL thymeoil in 10% DMSO/90% PDB. The density of 3-octenoic acid was assumed tobe 0.938 g/mL. The density of trans-2-octenoic acid was assumed to be0.955 g/mL. The density of 3-decenoic acid was assumed to be 0.939 g/mL.The density of trans-2-decenoic acid was assumed to be 0.928 g/mL. Thedensity of 9-decenoic acid was assumed to be 0.918 g/mL.

Each combination was tested over a range of 2-fold dilutions in thesynergistic growth inhibition assay, observed following a 24 hourincubation period, and the FIC Index for each combination calculated, asshown below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by thyme oil incombination in combination with several exemplary unsaturated aliphaticacids. Ratio Combi- MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC nation Compound ACompound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Thyme oil 1.25  3-Octenoicacid 0.14656 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.14922 3-Decenoic acid 0.07336Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.03625 9-Decenoic acid 0.07172 1 Thyme oil3-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.01832 0.059 0.38 2 Thyme oil Trans-2-octenoicacid 0.3125 0.01865 0.060 0.38 3 Thyme oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.31250.00917 0.029 0.38 4 Thyme oil Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.3125 0.009060.029 0.50 5 Thyme oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.3125 0.01793 0.057 0.50

Example 5: Growth Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by Neem Oil LimonoidExtract (Extracted from Cold-Pressed Neem Oil) and Fortune Aza Technical(Azadirachtin Extract) in Combination with Various Exemplary UnsaturatedAliphatic Acids Sample Preparation:

An extract of limonoids was prepared from cold-pressed neem oil usingsolvent extraction with hexane and methanol to prepare a neem oillimonoid extract. Fortune Aza Technical pesticide containing 14%azadirachtin (extracted from neem seed/kernel source) was obtained fromFortune Biotech Ltd. of Secunderabad, India.

Solutions of neem oil limonoid extract and Fortune Aza Technical wereprepared at 5 mg/mL in DMSO followed by ten-fold dilution in PDB to givea concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in 10% DMSO/90% PDB.

Stock solutions of 3-octenoic acid and trans-2-octenoic acid as CompoundB for testing of individual MICs were prepared at 25 μL/mL by adding 25μL of each Compound B to 975 μL DMSO followed by 10-fold dilution inPDB.

For testing in combination with neem oil limonoid extract and FortuneAza Technical, stock solutions of 3-octenoic acid and trans-2-octenoicacid were prepared at 6.25 μL/mL by adding 62.5 μL of the respectivecompound to 937.5 μL of DMSO followed by 10-fold dilution in PDB (ratio11.7). Stock solutions of 3-octenoic acid and trans-2-octenoic acid wereprepared at 3.125 μL/mL for testing in combination by adding 31.25 μL ofthe respective compound to 968.75 μL of DMSO followed by 10-folddilution in PDB (ratio 6.0 or 5.9). Stock solutions of 3-octenoic acidand trans-2-octenoic acid at 0.625 μL/mL for testing in combination wereprepared by adding 6.25 μL of the respective compound to 993.75 μL ofDMSO followed by 10-fold dilution in PDB (ratio 1.2). The density of3-octenoic acid was assumed to be 0.938 g/mL. The density oftrans-2-octenoic acid was assumed to be 0.955 g/mL.

Combinations were prepared by adding 0.5 mL of 6.25 μL/mL, 3.125 μL/mL,or 0.625 μL/mL 3-octenoic acid or trans-2-octenoic acid, as preparedabove (as Compound B), to 0.5 mL neem oil limonoid extract or FortuneAza Technical at 0.5 mg/mL in 10% DMSO/90% PDB (as Compound A) fortesting in the synergistic growth inhibition assay. Each combination wasobserved following a 24 hour incubation period, and the FIC Index foreach combination calculated, as shown below in Tables 5 and 6.

TABLE 5 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by limonoid extract fromcold-pressed neem oil in combination with various exemplary unsaturatedaliphatic acids Ratio Combi- MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC nationCompound A Compound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Neem oil 0.25   limonoid extract 3-octenoic acid 0.14656 Trans-2- 0.07461 octenoic acid1 Neem oil 3-octenoic acid 0.0078125 0.09160 11.7 0.66 limonoid extract2 Neem oil 3-octenoic acid 0.015625  0.09160  5.9 0.69 limonoid extract3 Neem oil 3-octenoic acid 0.0625   0.07656  1.2 0.75 limonoid extract 4Neem oil Trans-2- 0.0078125 0.04663  6.0 0.66 limonoid extract octenoicacid 5 Neem oil Trans-2- 0.03125  0.03730  1.2 0.63 limonoid extractoctenoic acid

TABLE 6 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by Fortune Aza Technicalin combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Fortune Aza 0.25 Tech. 3-octenoic acid0.14656 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.07461 1 Fortune Aza 3-octenoic acid0.0078125 0.09160 11.7 0.66 Tech. 2 Fortune Aza 3-octenoic acid 0.0156250.09160 5.9 0.69 Tech. 3 Fortune Aza 3-octenoic acid 0.0625 0.07656 1.20.75 Tech. 4 Fortune Aza Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.0078125 0.04663 6.00.66 Tech. 5 Fortune Aza Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.03125 0.03730 1.2 0.63Tech.

Sample Preparation for Examples 6-11

For each of experimental Examples 6-11 described below, concentratedstock solutions, and diluted working solutions were prepared for each ofthe exemplary pesticidal active ingredients as Component A, and each ofthe exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids as Component B, in accordancewith the following descriptions:

Compound A Pesticidal Active Ingredients:

Concentrated stock solutions were prepared by dissolving pesticidalactive ingredient in 100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which were thendiluted 10-fold in potato dextrose broth (PDB) to give a working stocksolution, as described below:

Pyraclostrobin (available from Santa Cruz Biotech, Dallas, Tex., USA, asstock #SC-229020): A 0.5 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.05 mg/mL working stock solution,for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.015 mg/mL wasverified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.015mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Azoxystrobin (available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA, asstock #31697): A 1.75 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.175 mg/mL working stock solution,for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.15 mg/mL wasverified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.15mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Chlorothalonil (available from Chem Service Inc., West Chester, Pa.,USA, as stock #N-11454): A 0.5 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO wasdiluted 10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.05 mg/mL working stocksolution, for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.002mg/mL was verified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).This 0.002 mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was usedfor further serial dilution in PDB to the required individualconcentrations as specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Fludioxonil (available from Shanghai Terppon Chemical Co. Ltd., ofShanghai, China): A 1.05 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.105 mg/mL working stock solution,for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.021 mg/mL wasverified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.021mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Cyprodinil (available from Shanghai Terppon Chemical Co. Ltd., ofShanghai, China): A 1.37 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.137 mg/mL working stock solution,for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.009 mg/mL wasverified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.009mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Metalaxyl: A 3.32 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted 10-foldin PDB to provide a nominal 0.332 mg/mL working stock solution, forwhich an effective solubilized concentration of 0.316 mg/mL was verifiedusing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.316 mg/mLeffective concentration working stock solution was used for furtherserial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrations asspecified in Tables 7-62 below.

Difenoconazole (available from Santa Cruz Biotech, Dallas, Tex., USA, asstock no. SC-204721): A 1.3 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO wasdiluted 10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.13 mg/mL working stocksolution, for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.051mg/mL was verified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).This 0.051 mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was usedfor further serial dilution in PDB to the required individualconcentrations as specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Propiconazole (available from Shanghai Terppon Chemical Co. Ltd., ofShanghai, China): A 1.0 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.10 mg/mL working stock solution,for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.089 mg/mL wasverified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.089mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Epoxiconazole (available from Shanghai Terppon Chemical Co. Ltd., ofShanghai, China): A 2.5 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.25 mg/mL working stock solution,for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.03 mg/mL wasverified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.025mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Tebuconazole (available from Shanghai Terppon Chemical Co. Ltd., ofShanghai, China): A 5.0 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a nominal 0.50 mg/mL working stock solution,for which an effective solubilized concentration of 0.45 mg/mL wasverified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This 0.45mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Thyme oil (available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA as stock#W306509), garlic oil (available from New Directions Aromatics,Missisauga, ON, Canada), lemongrass oil (available from Xenex Labs,Coquitlam, BC, Canada as stock #OL123), wintergreen oil (available fromXenex Labs, Coquitlam, BC, Canada as stock #OW134), peppermint oil(available from Xenex Labs, Coquitlam, BC, Canada as stock #OP1531),spearmint oil (available from Xenex Labs, Coquitlam, BC, Canada as stock#AS132), clove leaf oil (available from New Directions Aromatics,Missisauga, ON, Canada), cinnamon leaf oil (available from Xenex Labs,Coquitlam, BC, Canada as stock #OC2131), tea tree oil (available fromNewco Natural Technology, Calgary, AB, Canada), geranium oil (availablefrom Xenex Labs, Coquitlam, BC, Canada as stock #OW134), peppermint oil(available from Xenex Labs, Coquitlam, BC, Canada as stock #OG1042),rosemary oil (available from Xenex Labs of Coquitlam, BC, Canada asstock #OR131), and oregano oil (available from New Directions Aromatics,Missisauga, ON, Canada): A 100 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO wasdiluted 10-fold in PDB to provide a working stock solution of 10 mg/mLconcentration. This 10 mg/mL effective concentration working stocksolution was used for further serial dilution in PDB to the requiredindividual concentrations as specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Nootkatone(+) (available from Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, Mass., USA as stock#A19166): A 10 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted 10-fold inPDB to provide a working stock solution of 1.0 mg/mL concentration. This1.0 mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Neem oil limonoid extract: An extract of limonoids was prepared fromcold-pressed neem oil using solvent extraction with hexane and methanolto prepare a neem oil limonoid extract. A 5 mg/mL stock solution of neemoil limonoid extract in 100% DMSO was diluted 10-fold in PDB to providea working stock solution of 0.5 mg/mL concentration. This 0.5 mg/mLeffective concentration working stock solution was used for furtherserial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrations asspecified in Tables 7-62 below.

Fortune Aza Technical: Fortune Aza Technical™ pesticide containing 14%azadirachtin (extracted from neem seed/kernel source) was obtained fromFortune Biotech Ltd. of Secunderabad, India. A 5 mg/mL stock solution ofFortune Aza Technical in 100% DMSO was diluted 10-fold in PDB to providea working stock solution of 0.5 mg/mL concentration. This 0.5 mg/mLeffective concentration working stock solution was used for furtherserial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrations asspecified in Tables 7-62 below.

Karanja oil flavonoid extract: An extract of flavonoids was preparedfrom cold-pressed karanja oil by solvent extraction. A 5 mg/mL stocksolution of karanja oil flavonoid extract in 100% DMSO was diluted10-fold in PDB to provide a working stock solution of 0.5 mg/mLconcentration. This 0.5 mg/mL effective concentration working stocksolution was used for further serial dilution in PDB to the requiredindividual concentrations as specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Salannin: Salannin was extracted and purified from cold-pressed neem oilby solvent extraction. A 1 mg/mL stock solution of salannin in 100% DMSOwas diluted 10-fold in PDB to provide a working stock solution of 0.1mg/mL concentration. This 0.1 mg/mL effective concentration workingstock solution was used for further serial dilution in PDB to therequired individual concentrations as specified in Tables 7-62 below.

Compound B Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids:

Concentrated stock solutions were prepared by dissolving each exemplaryunsaturated aliphatic acid in 100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which werethen diluted 10-fold in potato dextrose broth (PDB) to give a workingstock solution, as described below:

Trans-2-hexenoic acid, trans-3-hexenoic acid, cis-3-hexenoic acid,5-hexenoic acid, 3-heptenoic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid,trans-3-octenoic acid, 3-octenoic acid, 7-octenoic acid, 3-decenoicacid, cis-3-decenoic acid, 9-decenoic acid, trans-2-nonenoic acid,3-nonenoic acid, (9Z)-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) (all available fromSigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA), trans-2-decenoic acid (availablefrom TCI America, Portland, Oreg., USA as stock #D0098), cis-2-decenoicacid (available from BOC Sciences, Sirley, N.Y., USA), andtrans-2-undecenoic acid (available from Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, Mass.,USA as stock #L-11579): A 50 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO wasdiluted 10-fold in PDB to provide a working stock solution of 5 mg/mLconcentration. This 5 mg/mL effective concentration working stocksolution was used for further serial dilution in PDB to the requiredindividual concentrations as specified in Tables 7-62 below.

(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis,Mo., USA): A 20 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO was diluted 10-fold inPDB to provide a working stock solution of 2 mg/mL concentration. This 2mg/mL effective concentration working stock solution was used forfurther serial dilution in PDB to the required individual concentrationsas specified in Tables 7-62 below.

The working stock solutions for each Compound A and Compound B componentwere then serially diluted to test the individual MIC of each pesticidalactive ingredient (as Compound A), each unsaturated aliphatic acid (asCompound B), and the combined MIC of each combination of Compound A andCompound B, according to the synergistic growth inhibition assaydescribed above.

Example 6: Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by Pyraclostrobin,Azoxystrobin, Fludioxonil, Cyprodinil, Difenoconazole, Epoxiconazole,and Tebuconazole, in Combination with Various Exemplary UnsaturatedAliphatic Acids

Working solutions of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil,cyprodinil, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole were eachprepared as described above (as Compound A) and were serially diluted inPDB to the individual required concentrations for MIC testing as shownin Tables 7-12 below. Working solutions of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid,trans-3-hexenoic acid, 4-hexenoic acid, 5-hexenoic acid, 3-heptenoicacid, trans-2-octenoic acid, trans-3-octenoic acid, 7-octenoic acid,3-decenoic acid, 9-decenoic acid, trans-2-nonenoic acid, 3-nonenoicacid, trans-2-decenoic acid, and trans-2-undecenoic acid, (as CompoundB), were each prepared as described above, and were serially diluted inPDB to the individual required concentrations for MIC testing as shownin Tables 7-12 below.

Each individual compound and combination was tested over a range of2-fold dilutions in the synergistic growth inhibition assay, observedfollowing an incubation period of 48 hours, and the FIC Index for eachcombination calculated, as shown in Tables 7-12 below.

TABLE 7 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by pyraclostrobin, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Pyraclostrobin 0.015 (2E,4E)-2,4- 0.025hexadienoic acid Trans-3-hexenoic 0.3125 acid 4-Hexenoic acid 0.31255-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 3-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-octenoic 0.3125acid Trans-3-octenoic 0.15625 acid 7-Octenoic acid 0.3125 3-Decenoicacid 0.3125 9-Decenoic acid 0.3125 1 Pyraclostrobin (2E,4E)-2,4- 0.003750.0625 17 0.50 hexadienoic acid 2 Pyraclostrobin Trans-3-hexenoic0.001875 0.078125 42 0.38 acid 3 Pyraclostrobin 4-Hexenoic acid 0.003750.15625 42 0.75 4 Pyraclostrobin 5-Hexenoic acid 0.00375 0.039062 100.38 5 Pyraclostrobin 3-Heptenoic acid 0.001875 0.078125 42 0.63 6Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-octenoic 0.001875 0.019531 10 0.19 acid 7Pyraclostrobin Trans-3-octenoic 0.001875 0.019531 10 0.25 acid 8Pyraclostrobin 7-Octenoic acid 0.001875 0.019531 10 0.19 9Pyraclostrobin 3-Decenoic acid 0.00375 0.078125 21 0.50 10Pyraclostrobin 9-Decenoic acid 0.00375 0.039062 10 0.38

TABLE 8 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by azoxystrobin, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Azoxystrobin 0.15 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.31253-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.15625 3-Decenoic acid0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.3125 1 Azoxystrobin Trans-3-hexenoic acid0.001875 0.078125 2 0.50 2 Azoxystrobin 3-Heptenoic acid 0.0018750.019531 1 0.25 3 Azoxystrobin Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.0375 0.039062 10.50 4 Azoxystrobin 3-Decenoic acid 0.001875 0.019531 1 0.38 5Azoxystrobin 9-Decenoic acid 0.00375 0.039062 1 0.50

TABLE 9 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by fludioxonil andcyprodinil, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphaticacids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound ACompound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Fludioxonil 0.021 Cyprodinil0.009 3-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 3-Decenoic acid 0.15625 1 Fludioxonil3-Heptenoic acid 0.039062 0.00525 7 0.50 2 Fludioxonil 3-Decenoic acid0.039062 0.00525 7 0.50 3 Cyprodinil 3-Decenoic acid 0.00225 0.019531 90.38

TABLE 10 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by difenoconazole, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Difenoconazole 0.051 Trans-3-hexenoic acid0.3125 4-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 3-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-octenoicacid 0.15625 3-Octenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.156257-Octenoic acid 0.3125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.3125 Trans-2-decenoicacid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.15625 1 Difenoconazole Trans-3-hexenoicacid 0.006375 0.078125 12 0.38 2 Difenoconazole 4-Hexenoic acid 0.012750.15625 12 0.75 3 Difenoconazole 3-Heptenoic acid 0.006375 0.078125 120.63 4 Difenoconazole Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.01275 0.039062 3 0.50 5Difenoconazole 3-Octenoic acid 0.01275 0.019531 1.5 0.38 6Difenoconazole Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.01275 0.039062 3 0.50 7Difenoconazole 7-Octenoic acid 0.01275 0.039062 3 0.50 8 DifenoconazoleTrans-2-nonenoic acid 0.01275 0.039062 3 0.38 9 DifenoconazoleTrans-2-decenoic acid 0.01275 0.019531 1.5 0.50 10 Difenoconazole9-Decenoic acid 0.01275 0.039062 3 0.50

TABLE 11 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by epoxiconazole, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Epoxiconazole 0.03 Trans-3-hexenoic acid0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.156253-Octenoic acid 0.15625 3-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 EpoxiconazoleTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.0075 0.078125 10 0.75 2 Epoxiconazole3-Heptenoic acid 0.0075 0.039062 5 0.50 3 Epoxiconazole Trans-2-octenoicacid 0.0075 0.039062 5 0.50 4 Epoxiconazole 3-Octenoic acid 0.00750.039062 5 0.50 5 Epoxiconazole 3-Decenoic acid 0.0075 0.039062 5 0.75

TABLE 12 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by tebuconazole, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Tebuconazole 0.225 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.31253-Octenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.15625 7-Octenoic acid0.15625 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.3125 3-Nonenoic acid 0.15625Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.15625 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.15625 1 Tebuconazole Trans-2-octenoic acid0.05625 0.039062 0.7 0.38 2 Tebuconazole 3-Octenoic acid 0.056250.019531 0.3 0.38 3 Tebuconazole Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.05625 0.0390620.7 0.50 4 Tebuconazole 7-Octenoic acid 0.05625 0.039062 0.7 0.50 5Tebuconazole Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.028125 0.019531 0.7 0.19 6Tebuconazole 3-Nonenoic acid 0.05625 0.019531 0.3 0.38 7 TebuconazoleTrans-2-decenoic acid 0.05625 0.019531 0.3 0.38 8 Tebuconazole9-Decenoic acid 0.05625 0.039062 0.7 0.75 9 TebuconazoleTrans-2-undecenoic acid 0.05625 0.019531 0.3 0.38

Example 7: Growth Inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum byPyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin, Chlorothalonil, Fludioxonil,Difenoconazole, Propiconazole, Epoxiconazole, and Tebuconazole, inCombination with Various Exemplary Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids

Working solutions of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil,fludioxonil, difenoconazole, propiconazole, epoxiconazole, andtebuconazole were each prepared as described above (as Compound A) andwere serially diluted in PDB to the individual required concentrationsfor MIC testing as shown in Tables 13-22 below. Working solutions of(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, trans-2-hexenoic acid, trans-3-hexenoicacid, 5-hexenoic acid, 3-heptenoic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid,trans-3-octenoic acid, 3-octenoic acid, 7-octenoic acid, 3-decenoicacid, cis-3-hexenoic acid, 9-decenoic acid, trans-2-nonenoic acid,3-nonenoic acid, (9Z)-octadecenoic acid, trans-2-decenoic acid,cis-2-decenoic acid, and trans-2-undecenoic acid (as Compound B), wereeach prepared as described above, and were serially diluted in PDB tothe individual required concentrations for MIC testing as shown inTables 13-22 below.

Each individual compound and combination was tested over a range of2-fold dilutions in the synergistic growth inhibition assay, observedfollowing an incubation period of 7 days, and the FIC Index for eachcombination calculated, as shown in Tables 13-22 below.

TABLE 13 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum bypyraclostrobin, in combination with various exemplary unsaturatedaliphatic acids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC CombinationCompound A Compound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Pyraclostrobin0.0075 (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.125 acid Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.15625Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.039062 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.039062 7-Octenoic acid 0.039062 Trans-2-nonenoicacid 0.019531 3-Nonenoic acid 0.019531 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.0195313-Decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.039062 Trans-2-undecenoicacid 0.019531 (9Z)-octadecenoic acid 5.0 1 Pyraclostrobin(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.001875 0.015625 8 0.38 acid 2 PyraclostrobinTrans-2-hexenoic acid 0.000937 0.009765 10 0.19 3 PyraclostrobinTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.000937 0.019531 21 0.25 4 Pyraclostrobin5-Hexenoic acid 0.000937 0.019531 21 0.25 5 Pyraclostrobin 3-Heptenoicacid 0.000937 0.009766 10 0.25 6 Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-octenoic acid0.000469 0.004882 10 0.19 7 Pyraclostrobin 3-Octenoic acid 0.0004690.004882 10 0.13 8 Pyraclostrobin Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.0004690.004882 10 0.19 9 Pyraclostrobin 7-Octenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 100.19 10 Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.3111 Pyraclostrobin 3-Nonenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.31 12Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.000937 0.002441 3 0.25 13Pyraclostrobin 3-Decenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 10 0.09 14Pyraclostrobin 9-Decenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.19 15Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.31 16Pyraclostrobin (9Z)-octadecenoic acid 0.00375 2.5 667 1.00

TABLE 14 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum bypyraclostrobin, in combination with various exemplary unsaturatedaliphatic acids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC CombinationCompound A Compound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Pyraclostrobin0.00375 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 Cis-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.019531 Cis-2-decenoic acid 0.019531 1Pyraclostrobin Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.001875 0.039062 21 0.75 2Pyraclostrobin Cis-3-hexenoic acid 0.001875 0.039062 21 0.75 3Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.0009375 0.002441 3 0.38 4Pyraclostrobin Cis-2-decenoic acid 0.0009375 0.002441 3 0.38

TABLE 15 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by azoxystrobin,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Azoxystrobin 0.15 Trans-3-hexenoic acid0.15625 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid 0.078125 3-Octenoicacid 0.039062 Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.039062 3-Nonenoic acid 0.039062Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.009766 3-Decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid0.039062 1 Azoxystrobin Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.0375 0.039062 1 0.50 2Azoxystrobin 5-Hexenoic acid 0.0375 0.039062 1 0.50 3 Azoxystrobin3-Heptenoic acid 0.0375 0.019531 0.5 0.50 4 Azoxystrobin 3-Octenoic acid0.0375 0.019531 0.5 0.75 5 Azoxystrobin Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.018750.009766 0.5 0.38 6 Azoxystrobin 3-Nonenoic acid 0.0375 0.019531 0.50.75 7 Azoxystrobin Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.0375 0.004882 0.1 0.75 8Azoxystrobin 3-Decenoic acid 0.01875 0.009766 0.5 0.38 9 Azoxystrobin9-Decenoic acid 0.01875 0.009766 0.5 0.38

TABLE 16 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum bychlorothalonil, in combination with various exemplary unsaturatedaliphatic acids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC CombinationCompound A Compound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Chlorothalonil3.125 × 10⁻⁵ Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.039062 3-Nonenoic acid 0.0390629-Decenoic acid 0.039062 1 Chlorothalonil Trans-2-nonenoic acid 3.906 ×10⁻⁶ 0.009766 2500 0.38 2 Chlorothalonil 3-Nonenoic acid 7.813 × 10⁻⁶0.019531 2500 0.75 3 Chlorothalonil 9-Decenoic acid 7.813 × 10⁻⁶0.019531 2500 0.75

TABLE 17 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by fludioxonil,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Fludioxonil 0.000164 Trans-2-octenoicacid 0.078125 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.0781253-Nonenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid0.15625 1 Fludioxonil Trans-2-octenoic acid 8.203 × 10⁻⁵ 0.019531 2380.75 2 Fludioxonil 3-Octenoic acid 8.203 × 10⁻⁵ 0.019531 238 0.75 3Fludioxonil Trans-2-nonenoic acid 8.203 × 10⁻⁵ 0.009766 119 0.63 4Fludioxonil 3-Nonenoic acid 8.203 × 10⁻⁵ 0.009766 119 0.63 5 FludioxonilTrans-2-decenoic acid 8.203 × 10⁻⁵ 0.009766 119 0.75 6 Fludioxonil9-Decenoic acid 8.203 × 10⁻⁵ 0.019531 238 0.63

TABLE 18 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum bydifenoconazole, in combination with various exemplary unsaturatedaliphatic acids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC CombinationCompound A Compound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Difenoconazole0.0255 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.0390623-Nonenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.019531 3-decenoic acid0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoic 0.039062 acid 1Difenoconazole Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.006375 0.019531 3.1 0.50 2Difenoconazole Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.006375 0.009766 1.5 0.50 3Difenoconazole 3-Nonenoic acid 0.006375 0.009766 1.5 0.38 4Difenoconazole Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.006375 0.009766 1.5 0.75 5Difenoconazole 3-Decenoic acid 0.006375 0.019531 3.1 0.75 6Difenoconazole 9-Decenoic acid 0.006375 0.019531 3.1 0.50 7Difenoconazole Trans-2-undecenoic 0.006375 0.009766 1.5 0.50 acid

TABLE 19 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by propiconazole,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Propiconazole 0.089 3-Heptenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.019531 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.0195319-Decenoic acid 0.039062 Trans-2-undecenoic 0.039062 acid 1Propiconazole 3-Heptenoic acid 0.02225 0.019531 0.9 0.50 2 PropiconazoleTrans-2-nonenoic acid 0.02225 0.009766 0.4 0.75 3 PropiconazoleTrans-2-decenoic acid 0.02225 0.009766 0.4 0.75 4 Propiconazole9-Decenoic acid 0.02225 0.009766 0.9 0.38 5 PropiconazoleTrans-2-undecenoic 0.02225 0.009766 0.4 0.75 acid

TABLE 20 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by epoxiconazole,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Epoxiconazole 0.03 Trans-2-nonenoicacid 0.019531 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.019531 3-Decenoic acid 0.0781259-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 Epoxiconazole Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.00750.009766 1.3 0.75 2 Epoxiconazole Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.0075 0.0097661.3 0.75 3 Epoxiconazole 3-Decenoic acid 0.0075 0.019531 2.6 0.50 4Epoxiconazole 9-Decenoic acid 0.0075 0.019531 2.6 0.50

TABLE 21 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by tebuconazole,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Tebuconazole 0.1125 Trans-3-hexenoicacid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.0390623-Nonenoic acid 0.039062 3-Decenoic acid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.039062 1 TebuconazoleTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.05625 0.039062 0.7 0.75 2 Tebuconazole3-Heptenoic acid 0.05625 0.019531 0.3 0.75 3 TebuconazoleTrans-2-nonenoic acid 0.028125 0.004882 0.2 0.38 4 Tebuconazole3-Nonenoic acid 0.05625 0.009766 0.2 0.75 5 Tebuconazole 3-Decenoic acid0.028125 0.009766 0.3 0.38 6 Tebuconazole 9-Decenoic acid 0.0281250.009766 0.3 0.38 7 Tebuconazole Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.056250.009766 0.2 0.75

TABLE 22 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by tebuconazole,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Tebuconazole 0.1125 Trans-3-octanoicacid 0.039062 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.019531 1 TebuconazoleTrans-3-octanoic acid 0.028125 0.019531 0.7 0.75 2 TebuconazoleTrans-2-decenoic acid 0.028125 0.004882 0.2 0.50

Example 8: Growth Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by Pyraclostrobin,Azoxystrobin, Chlorothalonil, Cyprodinil, Metalaxyl, Epoxiconazole, andTebuconazole, in Combination with Various Exemplary UnsaturatedAliphatic Acids

Working solutions of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil,cyprodinil, metalaxyl, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole were eachprepared as described above (as Compound A) and were serially diluted inPDB to the individual required concentrations for MIC testing as shownin Tables 23-30 below. Working solutions of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoicacid, trans-2-hexenoic acid, trans-3-hexenoic acid, 5-hexenoic acid,3-heptenoic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid, trans-3-octenoic acid,3-octenoic acid, 7-octenoic acid, 3-decenoic acid, 9-decenoic acid,trans-2-nonenoic acid, 3-nonenoic acid, (9Z)-octadecenoic acid,trans-2-decenoic acid, and trans-2-undecenoic acid (as Compound B), wereeach prepared as described above, and were serially diluted in PDB tothe individual required concentrations for MIC testing as shown inTables 23-30 below.

Each individual compound and combination was tested over a range of2-fold dilutions in the synergistic growth inhibition assay, observedfollowing an incubation period of 48 hours, and the FIC Index for eachcombination calculated, as shown in Tables 23-30 below.

TABLE 23 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by pyraclostrobin, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Pyraclostrobin 0.001875 (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic0.0625 acid Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.156254-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.039062 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125 7-Octenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.078125 3-Nonenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.019531 3-Decenoic acid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid0.15625 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.15625 1 Pyraclostrobin(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.000469 0.007812 17 0.38 acid 2 PyraclostrobinTrans-2-hexenoic acid 0.000937 0.009766 10 0.63 3 PyraclostrobinTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.000469 0.009766 21 0.31 4 Pyraclostrobin4-Hexenoic acid 0.000937 0.019531 21 0.56 5 Pyraclostrobin 5-Hexenoicacid 0.000469 0.009766 21 0.31 6 Pyraclostrobin 3-Heptenoic acid0.000469 0.004882 10 0.31 7 Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-octenoic acid0.000234 0.002441 10 0.19 8 Pyraclostrobin 3-Octenoic acid 0.0002340.002441 10 0.16 9 Pyraclostrobin Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.0004690.004882 10 0.31 10 Pyraclostrobin 7-Octenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 100.31 11 Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.3112 Pyraclostrobin 3-Nonenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.31 13Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.50 14Pyraclostrobin 3-Decenoic acid 0.000234 0.004882 21 0.19 15Pyraclostrobin 9-Decenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 10 0.14 16Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.000937 0.009766 10 0.56

TABLE 24 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by pyraclostrobin, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Pyraclostrobin 0.001875 (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic0.0625 acid Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.039062 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.156255-Hexenoic acid 0.078125 3-Heptenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-octenoic acid0.039062 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125 7-Octenoic acid 0.039062Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.039062 3-Nonenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-decenoicacid 0.078125 3-Decenoic acid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.078125 1 Pyraclostrobin(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.000234 0.003906 17 0.19 acid 2 PyraclostrobinTrans-2-hexenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 10 0.19 3 PyraclostrobinTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.000469 0.009766 21 0.31 4 Pyraclostrobin5-Hexenoic acid 0.000469 0.009766 21 0.38 5 Pyraclostrobin 3-Heptenoicacid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.19 6 Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-octenoic acid0.000234 0.002441 10 0.19 7 Pyraclostrobin 3-Octenoic acid 0.0004690.004882 10 0.31 8 Pyraclostrobin 7-Octenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 100.19 9 Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 10 0.19 10Pyraclostrobin 3-Nonenoic acid 0.000469 0.004882 10 0.31 11Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 10 0.16 12Pyraclostrobin 3-Decenoic acid 0.000234 0.004882 21 0.19 13Pyraclostrobin 9-Decenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 10 0.16 14Pyraclostrobin Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.000234 0.002441 10 0.16

TABLE 25 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by azoxystrobin, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Azoxystrobin 0.075 Trans-2-hexenoic acid0.15625 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 4-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 5-Hexenoicacid 0.3125 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.078125 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.15625 7-Octenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-nonenoicacid 0.039062 3-Nonenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.0390623-Decenoic acid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoicacid 0.078125 1 Azoxystrobin Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.0375 0.039062 10.75 3 Azoxystrobin Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.0375 0.078125 2 0.75 4Azoxystrobin 4-Hexenoic acid 0.0375 0.078125 2 0.75 5 Azoxystrobin5-Hexenoic acid 0.0375 0.078125 2 0.75 6 Azoxystrobin Trans-2-octenoicacid 0.009375 0.009766 1 0.25 7 Azoxystrobin 3-Octenoic acid 0.018750.019531 1 0.50 8 Azoxystrobin Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.01875 0.019531 10.38 9 Azoxystrobin 7-Octenoic acid 0.01875 0.019531 1 0.38 10Azoxystrobin Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.01875 0.019531 1 0.75 11Azoxystrobin 3-Nonenoic acid 0.01875 0.019531 1 0.50 12 AzoxystrobinTrans-2-decenoic acid 0.009375 0.009766 1 0.38 13 Azoxystrobin3-Decenoic acid 0.009375 0.019531 2 0.38 14 Azoxystrobin 9-Decenoic acid0.01875 0.019531 1 0.50 15 Azoxystrobin Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.018750.019531 1 0.50

TABLE 26 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by chlorothalonil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Chlorothalonil 1.758 × 10⁻⁵ Trans-2-nonenoicacid 0.019531 9-Decenoic acid 0.039062 1 Chlorothalonil Trans-2-nonenoicacid 4.395 × 10⁻⁶ 0.004882 1111 0.50 2 Chlorothalonil 9-Decenoic acid4.395 × 10⁻⁶ 0.019531 4444 0.75

TABLE 27 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by cyprodinil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Cyprodinil 0.0045 3-Heptenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.078125 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125 7-Octenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.078125 3-Nonenoic acid 0.0781253-Decenoic acid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoicacid 0.078125 1 Cyprodinil 3-Heptenoic acid 0.001125 0.039062 35 0.75 2Cyprodinil Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.001125 0.039062 35 0.75 3 Cyprodinil3-Octenoic acid 0.001125 0.039062 35 0.75 4 Cyprodinil 7-Octenoic acid0.000562 0.019531 35 0.38 5 Cyprodinil Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.0011250.039062 35 0.75 6 Cyprodinil 3-Nonenoic acid 0.001125 0.039062 35 0.757 Cyprodinil 3-Decenoic acid 0.000562 0.039062 69 0.63 8 Cyprodinil9-Decenoic acid 0.000562 0.019531 35 0.38 9 CyprodinilTrans-2-undecenoic acid 0.000562 0.019531 35 0.38

TABLE 28 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by metalaxyl, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Metalaxyl 0.316 3-Nonenoic acid 0.0781259-Decenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.078125 1 Metalaxyl3-Nonenoic acid 0.079 0.039062 0.5 0.75 2 Metalaxyl 9-Decenoic acid0.079 0.039062 0.5 0.75 3 Metalaxyl Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.0790.039062 0.5 0.75

TABLE 29 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by epoxiconazole, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Epoxiconazole 0.03 3-Heptenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.15625 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-3-octenoicacid 0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.15625 3-Nonenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.078125 3-Decenoic acid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid0.15625 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.078125 (9Z)-octadecenoic acid 5.0 1Epoxiconazole 3-Heptenoic acid 0.0075 0.039062 5 0.75 2 EpoxiconazoleTrans-2-octenoic acid 0.0075 0.039062 5 0.50 3 Epoxiconazole 3-Octenoicacid 0.0075 0.039062 5 0.75 4 Epoxiconazole Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.00750.039062 5 0.75 5 Epoxiconazole Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.00375 0.019531 50.25 6 Epoxiconazole 3-Nonenoic acid 0.00375 0.019531 5 0.38 7Epoxiconazole Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.00375 0.019531 5 0.38 8Epoxiconazole 3-Decenoic acid 0.001875 0.019531 10 0.31 9 Epoxiconazole9-Decenoic acid 0.00375 0.019531 5 0.25 10 EpoxiconazoleTrans-2-undecenoic acid 0.0075 0.039062 5 0.75 11 Epoxiconazole(9Z)-octadecenoic acid 0.015 2.5 167 1.00

TABLE 30 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by tebuconazole, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Tebuconazole 0.1125 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.039062 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.039062 3-Decenoicacid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.039062 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.039062(9Z)-octadecenoic acid 5.0 1 Tebuconazole 5-Hexenoic acid 0.0281250.039062 1.4 0.50 2 Tebuconazole Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.014062 0.0097660.7 0.38 3 Tebuconazole Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.028125 0.019531 0.7 0.754 Tebuconazole 3-Decenoic acid 0.028125 0.019531 0.7 0.50 5 Tebuconazole9-Decenoic acid 0.014062 0.019531 1.4 0.63 6 TebuconazoleTrans-2-undecenoic acid 0.028125 0.019531 0.7 0.75 7 Tebuconazole(9Z)-octadecenoic acid 0.015 2.5 44 1.00

Example 9: Growth Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by Thyme Oil, GarlicOil, Lemongrass Oil, Wintergreen Oil, Peppermint Oil, Spearmint Oil,Clove Leaf Oil, Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Tea Tree Oil, Geranium Oil, OreganoOil, Rosemary Oil, and Nootkatone(+), in Combination with VariousExemplary Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids

Working solutions of thyme oil, garlic oil, lemongrass oil, wintergreenoil, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, clove leaf oil, cinnamon leaf oil,tea tree oil, geranium oil, oregano oil, rosemary oil, and nootkatone(+)were each prepared as described above (as Compound A) and were seriallydiluted in PDB to the individual required concentrations for MIC testingas shown in Tables 31-45 below. Working solutions of(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, trans-2-hexenoic acid, trans-3-hexenoicacid, 4-hexenoic acid, 5-hexenoic acid, 3-heptenoic acid,trans-2-octenoic acid, trans-3-octenoic acid, 3-octenoic acid,7-octenoic acid, 3-decenoic acid, 9-decenoic acid, trans-2-nonenoicacid, 3-nonenoic acid, (9Z)-octadecenoic acid, trans-2-decenoic acid,and trans-2-undecenoic acid, (as Compound B), were each prepared asdescribed above, and were serially diluted in PDB to the individualrequired concentrations for MIC testing as shown in Tables 31-45 below.

Each individual compound and combination was tested over a range of2-fold dilutions in the synergistic growth inhibition assay, observedfollowing an incubation period of 48 hours, and the FIC Index for eachcombination calculated, as shown in Tables 31-45 below.

TABLE 31 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by thyme oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Thyme oil 1.25 (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid0.25 Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.31255-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 3-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-octenoic acid0.078125 3-Octenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.156257-Octenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.078125 3-Nonenoic acid0.15625 3-Decenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.0781259-Decenoic acid 0.3125 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.15625 1 Thyme oil(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid 0.3125 0.03125 0.10 0.38 2 Thyme oilTrans-2-hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.078125 0.25 0.75 3 Thyme oilTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 0.039062 0.25 0.25 4 Thyme oil 5-Hexenoicacid 0.15625 0.039062 0.25 0.25 5 Thyme oil 3-Heptenoic acid 0.31250.039062 0.13 0.50 6 Thyme oil Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.3125 0.0390620.13 0.75 7 Thyme oil 3-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.50 8 Thymeoil Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.50 9 Thyme oil7-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.50 10 Thyme oil Trans-2-nonenoicacid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.75 11 Thyme oil 3-Nonenoic acid 0.31250.039062 0.13 0.50 12 Thyme oil Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.3125 0.0390620.06 0.50 13 Thyme oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.25 14Thyme oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.38 15 Thyme oilTrans-2- undecenoic acid 0.3125 0.078125 0.25 0.75

TABLE 32 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by thyme oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Thyme oil 0.625 4-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 Thymeoil 4-Hexenoic acid 0.078125 0.039062 0.13 0.25

TABLE 33 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by garlic oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Garlic oil 2.5 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.31254-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 3-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 1 Garlic oilTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.15625 0.5 0.63 2 Garlic oil 4-Hexenoicacid 0.3125 0.15625 0.5 0.63 3 Garlic oil 3-Heptenoic acid 0.156250.078125 0.5 0.56

TABLE 34 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by lemongrass oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Lemongrass oil 1.25 Trans-2-hexenoic acid0.15625 3-Octenoic acid 0.15625 1 Lemongrass oil Trans-2-hexenoic acid0.3125 0.078125 0.25 0.75 2 Lemongrass oil 3-Octenoic acid 0.31250.039062 0.13 0.50

TABLE 35 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by wintergreen oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Wintergreen oil 10 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.31253-Decenoic acid 0.15625 1 Wintergreen oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.6250.15625 0.25 0.56 2 Wintergreen oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.625 0.078125 0.130.56

TABLE 36 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by peppermint oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Peppermint oil 5.0 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.31254-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 3-Decenoic acid 0.15625 1 Peppermint oilTrans-3-hexenoic acid 1.25 0.15625 0.13 0.75 2 Peppermint oil 4-Hexenoicacid 1.25 0.15625 0.13 0.75 3 Peppermint oil 3-Decenoic acid 1.250.078125 0.06 0.75

TABLE 37 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by spearmint oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Spearmint oil 5.0 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.31254-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-nonenoic acid0.15625 3-Decenoic acid 0.15625 9-Decenoic acid 0.3125 1 Spearmint oilTrans-3-hexenoic acid 1.25 0.15625 0.13 0.75 2 Spearmint oil 4-Hexenoicacid 1.25 0.15625 0.13 0.75 3 Spearmint oil 5-Hexenoic acid 1.250.039062 0.03 0.50 4 Spearmint oil Trans-2-nonenoic acid 1.25 0.0390620.03 0.50 5 Spearmint oil 3-Decenoic acid 1.25 0.078125 0.06 0.75 6Spearmint oil 9-Decenoic acid 1.25 0.039062 0.03 0.38

TABLE 38 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by clove leaf oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Clove leaf oil 1.25 Trans-3-hexenoic acid0.3125 4-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 7-Octenoic acid 0.3125 Trans-2-nonenoicacid 0.3125 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.15625 3-Decenoic acid 0.3125 1 Cloveleaf oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.15625 0.50 0.75 2 Clove leaf oil4-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.15625 0.50 0.75 3 Clove leaf oil 7-Octenoicacid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.38 4 Clove leaf oil Trans-2-nonenoic acid0.3125 0.039062 0.06 0.38 5 Clove leaf oil Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.31250.019531 0.06 0.38 6 Clove leaf oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.3125 0.078125 0.250.50

TABLE 39 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by cinnamon leaf oil,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Cinnamon leaf oil 1.25 Trans-3-hexenoicacid 0.3125 4-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 5-Hexenoic acid 0.3125Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.15625 7-Octenoicacid 0.3125 3-Decenoic acid 0.3125 1 Cinnamon leaf oil Trans-3-hexenoicacid 0.3125 0.15625 0.50 0.75 2 Cinnamon leaf oil 4-Hexenoic acid 0.31250.15625 0.50 0.75 3 Cinnamon leaf oil 5-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.0390620.13 0.38 4 Cinnamon leaf oil Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.130.50 5 Cinnamon leaf oil Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.506 Cinnamon leaf oil 7-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.38 7 Cinnamonleaf oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.3125 0.078125 0.25 0.50

TABLE 40 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by tea tree oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Tea tree oil 5.0 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 1Tea tree oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.625 0.15625 0.25 0.63

TABLE 41 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by geranium oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Tea tree oil 2.5 4-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 1 Teatree oil 4-Hexenoic acid 0.625 0.15625 0.25 0.75

TABLE 42 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by oregano oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Oregano oil 1.25 3-Heptenoic acid 0.156253-Nonenoic acid 0.15625 3-Decenoic acid 0.15625 9-Decenoic acid 1Oregano oil 3-Heptenoic acid 0.078125 0.078125 1.00 0.56 2 Oregano oil3-Nonenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.25 3 Oregano oil 3-Decenoic acid0.15625 0.078125 0.50 0.63 4 Oregano oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.156250.039062 0.25 0.25

TABLE 43 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by oregano oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Oregano oil 1.25 Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.3125Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid0.15625 3-Octenoic acid 0.15625 7-Octenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-Decenoicacid 0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 1 Oregano oil Trans-2-hexenoicacid 0.15625 0.039062 0.25 0.25 2 Oregano oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid0.3125 0.078125 0.25 0.75 3 Oregano oil 5-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.0781250.25 0.75 4 Oregano oil 3-Heptenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.50 5Oregano oil 3-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.50 6 Oregano oil7-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.50 7 Oregano oil Trans-2-Decenoicacid 0.3125 0.019531 0.06 0.50 8 Oregano oil Trans-2-undecenoic acid0.3125 0.078125 0.25 0.75

TABLE 44 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by rosemary oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Rosemary oil 5.0 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.31254-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.078125 3-Decenoic acid0.15625 1 Rosemary oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.625 0.15625 0.25 0.63 2Rosemary oil 4-Hexenoic acid 0.625 0.15625 0.25 0.63 3 Rosemary oilTrans-2-octenoic acid 0.625 0.039062 0.06 0.63 4 Rosemary oil 3-Decenoicacid 0.625 0.078125 0.13 0.63

TABLE 45 Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum by nootkatone (+), incombination with various an exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acid RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Nootkatone (+) 0.5 3-Decenoic acid0.15625 1 Nootkatone (+) 3-Decenoic acid 0.0625 0.078125 1.3 0.63

Example 10: Growth Inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Thyme Oil,Garlic Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Wintergreen Oil, Peppermint Oil, SpearmintOil, Clove Leaf Oil, Fortune Aza Technical Azadirachtin Extract, andOregano Oil, in Combination with Various Exemplary Unsaturated AliphaticAcids

Working solutions of thyme oil, garlic oil, lemongrass oil, wintergreenoil, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, clove leaf oil, Fortune AzaTechnical azadirachtin extract, and oregano oil were each prepared asdescribed above (as Compound A) and were serially diluted in PDB to theindividual required concentrations for MIC testing as shown in Tables46-54 below. Working solutions of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid,trans-2-hexenoic acid, trans-3-hexenoic acid, 4-hexenoic acid,5-hexenoic acid, 3-heptenoic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid,trans-3-octenoic acid, 3-octenoic acid, 7-octenoic acid, 3-decenoicacid, 9-decenoic acid, trans-2-nonenoic acid, 3-nonenoic acid,(9Z)-octadecenoic acid, trans-2-decenoic acid, and trans-2-undecenoicacid, (as Compound B), were each prepared as described above, and wereserially diluted in PDB to the individual required concentrations forMIC testing as shown in Tables 46-54 below.

Each individual compound and combination was tested over a range of2-fold dilutions in the synergistic growth inhibition assay, observedfollowing an incubation period of 7 days, and the FIC Index for eachcombination calculated, as shown in Tables 46-54 below.

TABLE 46 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by thyme oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Thyme oil 0.625 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.156254-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid0.078125 Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.078125 7-Octenoic acid 0.0390623-Nonenoic acid 0.078125 3-Decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.078125 1 Thyme oil Trans-3-hexenoicacid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.75 2 Thyme oil 4-Hexenoic acid 0.31250.039062 0.13 0.75 3 Thyme oil 5-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.754 Thyme oil 3-Heptenoic acid 0.3125 0.019531 0.06 0.75 5 Thyme oilTrans-3-octenoic acid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.63 6 Thyme oil 7-Octenoicacid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.75 7 Thyme oil 3-Nonenoic acid 0.156250.004882 0.03 0.31 8 Thyme oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.15625 0.009766 0.060.50 9 Thyme oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.15625 0.009766 0.06 0.38 10 Thyme oilTrans-2-undecenoic acid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.63

TABLE 47 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by garlic oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Garlic oil 0.625 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.156254-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.039062 3-Octenoic acid0.078125 7-Octenoic acid 0.078125 3-Nonenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 Garlic oilTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.75 2 Garlic oil 4-Hexenoicacid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.75 3 Garlic oil Trans-2-octenoic acid0.15625 0.009766 0.06 0.50 4 Garlic oil 3-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.0195310.06 0.75 5 Garlic oil 7-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.63 6Garlic oil 3-Nonenoic acid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.63 7 Garlic oilTrans-2-decenoic acid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.75 8 Garlic oil 9-Decenoicacid 0.3125 0.019531 0.06 0.75

TABLE 48 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by lemongrassoil, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acidsRatio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Lemongrass oil 0.625(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.0625 acid Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.078125Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.039062 3-Octenoic acid 0.039062Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.039062 7-Octenoic acid 0.039062 3-Nonenoic acid0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.039062 1 Lemongrass oil(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.3125 0.015625 0.05 0.75 acid 2 Lemongrass oilTrans-2-hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.63 3 Lemongrass oilTrans-3-hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.019531 0.06 0.63 4 Lemongrass oil5-Hexenoic acid 0.3125 0.019531 0.06 0.63 5 Lemongrass oil 3-Heptenoicacid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.63 6 Lemongrass oil Trans-2-octenoic acid0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.75 7 Lemongrass oil 3-Octenoic acid 0.31250.009766 0.03 0.75 8 Lemongrass oil Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.31250.004882 0.02 0.63 9 Lemongrass oil 7-Octenoic acid 0.3125 0.004882 0.020.63 10 Lemongrass oil 3-Nonenoic acid 0.3125 0.004882 0.02 0.63 11Lemongrass oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.3125 0.009766 0.03 0.75

TABLE 49 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by wintergreenoil, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acidsRatio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Wintergreen oil 10 Trans-2-octenoicacid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.039062 6 Wintergreen oilTrans-2-octenoic acid 1.25 0.019531 0.02 0.63 11 Wintergreen oil9-Decenoic acid 1.25 0.019531 0.02 0.63

TABLE 50 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by peppermintoil, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acidsRatio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Peppermint oil 2.5 Trans-3-hexenoicacid 0.3125 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Octenoic acid 0.078125 3-Nonenoicacid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.039062 1 Peppermint oil Trans-3-hexenoicacid 1.25 0.039062 0.03 0.63 2 Peppermint oil 5-Hexenoic acid 1.250.039062 0.03 0.75 3 Peppermint oil 3-Octenoic acid 1.25 0.019531 0.020.75 4 Peppermint oil 3-Nonenoic acid 1.25 0.009766 0.01 0.63 5Peppermint oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.625 0.009766 0.02 0.50

TABLE 51 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by spearmint oil,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Spearmint oil 2.5 Trans-2-hexenoic acid0.078125 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 5-Hexenoic acid 0.156253-Heptenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.078125 3-Octenoic acid0.15625 7-Octenoic acid 0.078125 Trans-2-nonenoic acid 0.0390623-Nonenoic acid 0.15625 3-Decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid0.078125 1 Spearmint oil Trans-2-hexenoic acid 1.25 0.019531 0.02 0.75 2Spearmint oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 1.25 0.039062 0.03 0.75 3 Spearmintoil 5-Hexenoic acid 1.25 0.039062 0.03 0.75 4 Spearmint oil 3-Heptenoicacid 1.25 0.019531 0.02 0.75 5 Spearmint oil Trans-2-octenoic acid 1.250.019531 0.02 0.75 6 Spearmint oil 3-Octenoic acid 1.25 0.019531 0.020.63 7 Spearmint oil 7-Octenoic acid 1.25 0.009766 0.01 0.63 8 Spearmintoil Trans-2-nonenoic acid 1.25 0.009766 0.01 0.75 9 Spearmint oil3-Nonenoic acid 1.25 0.009766 0.01 0.56 10 Spearmint oil 3-Decenoic acid1.25 0.019531 0.02 0.75 11 Spearmint oil 9-Decenoic acid 1.25 0.0195310.02 0.75

TABLE 52 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by clove leafoil, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acidsRatio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Clove leaf oil 2.5 3-Decenoic acid0.078125 Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.15625 1 Clove leaf oil 3-Decenoicacid 0.3125 0.019531 0.06 0.38 2 Clove leaf oil Trans-2-undecenoic acid0.3125 0.019531 0.06 0.25

TABLE 53 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Fortune AzaTechnical, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphaticacids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound ACompound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Aza Technical 0.5Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.078125 1 Aza Technical Trans-2-undecenoic acid0.125 0.019531 0.16 0.50

TABLE 54 Growth inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by oregano oil,in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids RatioMIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B(mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Oregano oil 0.625(2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.125 acid Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.078125Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 3-Heptenoic acid0.15625 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.039062 3-Octenoic acid 0.039062Trans-3-octenoic acid 0.039062 7-Octenoic acid 0.039062 Trans-2-nonenoicacid 0.039062 3-Nonenoic acid 0.039062 3-Decenoic acid 0.0390629-Decenoic acid 0.039062 1 Oregano oil (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.156250.015625 0.10 0.38 acid 2 Oregano oil Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.156250.019531 0.13 0.50 3 Oregano oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.15625 0.0390620.25 0.50 4 Oregano oil 5-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 0.039062 0.25 0.50 5Oregano oil 3-Heptenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.38 6 Oregano oilTrans-2-octenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.75 7 Oregano oil3-Octenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.75 8 Oregano oilTrans-3-octenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.75 9 Oregano oil7-Octenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.75 10 Oregano oilTrans-2-nonenoic acid 0.078125 0.009766 0.13 0.38 11 Oregano oil3-Nonenoic acid 0.15625 0.019531 0.13 0.75 12 Oregano oil 3-Decenoicacid 0.078125 0.009766 0.13 0.38 13 Oregano oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.0781250.009766 0.13 0.38

Example 11: Growth Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by Oregano Oil,Nootkatone(+), Spearmint Oil, Rosemary Oil, Thyme Oil, Salannin, KaranjaOil Flavonoid Extract, and Neem Oil Limonoid Extract, in Combinationwith Various Exemplary Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids

Working solutions of oregano oil, nootkatone(+), spearmint oil, rosemaryoil, thyme oil, salannin, karanja oil flavonoid extract, and neem oillimonoid extract, were each prepared as described above (as Compound A)and were serially diluted in PDB to the individual requiredconcentrations for MIC testing as shown in Tables 55-62 below. Workingsolutions of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid, trans-2-hexenoic acid,trans-3-hexenoic acid, 5-hexenoic acid, trans-2-octenoic acid,7-octenoic acid, 3-decenoic acid, 9-decenoic acid, and trans-2-decenoicacid, (as Compound B), were each prepared as described above, and wereserially diluted in PDB to the individual required concentrations forMIC testing as shown in Tables 55-62 below.

Each individual compound and combination was tested over a range of2-fold dilutions in the growth inhibition assay, observed following anincubation period of 48 hours, and the FIC Index for each combinationcalculated, as shown in Tables 55-62 below.

TABLE 55 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by oregano oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Oregano oil 0.625 Trans-2-decenoic acid0.039062 3-Decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.039062 1 Oregano oil Trans-2-decenoic acid0.078125 0.019531 0.25 0.63 2 Oregano oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.0781250.019531 0.25 0.63 3 Oregano oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 0.039062 0.500.63 4 Oregano oil Trans-2-undecenoic acid 0.078125 0.019531 0.25 0.63

TABLE 56 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by nootkatone(+), incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Nootkatone(+) 0.125 Trans-2-decenoic acid0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 Nootkatone(+) Trans-2-decenoic acid0.03125 0.019531 0.63 0.75 2 Nootkatone(+) 9-Decenoic acid 0.0156250.019531 1.25 0.63

TABLE 57 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by spearmint oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Spearmint oil 2.5 (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.125acid Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.156255-Hexenoic acid 0.15625 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.078125 7-Octenoic acid0.15625 Trans-2-decenoic acid 0.039062 3-Decenoic acid 0.0781259-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 Spearmint oil (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic 0.6250.0625 0.10 0.75 acid 2 Spearmint oil Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0.6250.019531 0.03 0.38 3 Spearmint oil Trans-3-hexenoic acid 0.625 0.0390620.06 0.50 4 Spearmint oil 5-Hexenoic acid 0.625 0.039062 0.06 0.50 5Spearmint oil Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.625 0.019531 0.03 0.50 6 Spearmintoil 7-Octenoic acid 0.625 0.019531 0.03 0.38 7 Spearmint oilTrans-2-decenoic acid 0.625 0.019531 0.03 0.75 8 Spearmint oil3-Decenoic acid 0.625 0.019531 0.03 0.50 9 Spearmint oil 9-Decenoic acid0.625 0.039062 0.06 0.75

TABLE 58 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by rosemary oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Rosemary oil 5 3-Decenoic acid 0.0781259-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 Rosemary oil 3-Decenoic acid 0.3125 0.0195310.06 0.31 2 Rosemary oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.3125 0.039062 0.13 0.56

TABLE 59 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by thyme oil, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Thyme oil 0.625 Trans-2-octenoic acid 0.0390623-Decenoic acid 0.078125 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 Thyme oilTrans-2-octenoic acid 0.078125 0.019531 0.25 0.63 2 Thyme oil 3-Decenoicacid 0.078125 0.019531 0.25 0.63 3 Thyme oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.0781250.039062 0.50 0.63

TABLE 60 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by salannin, incombination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids Ratio MIC(A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound A Compound B (mg/mL)(mg/mL) Compound A Index Salannin 0.05 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1Salannin 9-Decenoic acid 0.0125 0.039062 3 0.75

TABLE 61 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by karanja oil flavonoidextract, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphaticacids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound ACompound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Karanja oil 0.5 flavonoidextract Trans-2 decenoic acid 0.039062 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1Karanja oil Trans-2 decenoic acid 0.0125 0.019531 0.16 0.75 flavonoidextract 2 Karanja oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.0625 0.019531 0.31 0.38flavonoid extract

TABLE 62 Growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea by neem oil limonoidextract, in combination with various exemplary unsaturated aliphaticacids Ratio MIC (A) MIC (B) Compound B/ FIC Combination Compound ACompound B (mg/mL) (mg/mL) Compound A Index Neem oil 0.5 limonoidextract 9-Decenoic acid 0.078125 1 Neem oil 9-Decenoic acid 0.1250.039062 0.31 0.75 limonoid extract

Example 12: In-Vitro Insecticidal Efficacy Against Trichoplusia ni byChlorfenapyr (Active Ingredient in Pylon® Insecticide), in Combinationwith Various Exemplary Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids (and AgriculturallyAcceptable Salts Thereof) Sample Preparation:

Chlorfenapyr, a halogenated pyrrole synthetic miticide-insecticide, isthe active ingredient in Pylon® insecticide (available from BASF Corp.,Research Triangle Park, N.C., USA), and is present as 21.4% w/w of thePylon® liquid formulation. Pylon® liquid formulation was diluted inwater to form a 2 mg/mL Pylon® stock solution (containing 0.428 mg/mL ofchlorfenapyr).

A stock solution was prepared for each of trans-2-hexenoic acid andtrans-3-hexenoic acid (both available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis,Mo., USA), by dissolving each exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acid in100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 20 mg/mL (20,000ppm). A stock solution for the potassium salt of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoicacid was prepared by dissolving the salt in water to form a 20 mg/mL(20,000 ppm) solution.

An artificial diet suitable for Trichoplusia ni (cabbage loopercaterpillar) was prepared according to the modified McMorran artificialdiet recipe known in the entomology field (containing agar, casein,potassium hydroxide, alphacel, Wesson's salt mix, sugar, toasted wheatgerm, choline chloride, ascorbic acid, methyl paraben, aureomycin,linseed oil and vitamin solution).

The Pylon® stock solutions was diluted in 35 mL of the artificial dietto produce a concentration of 0.0016 mg/mL for each Pylon® treatment,and each of the unsaturated aliphatic acid (and salt) stock solutionswere diluted in 35 mL of the artificial diet at concentrations of 0.05mg/mL, 0.15 mg/mL, and 0.30 mg/mL, for each unsaturated aliphatic acid(and salt) treatment, and combinations of Pylon® and each aliphatic acid(and salt) were added to the artificial diet at the same concentrationsfor each combination treatment. The treated artificial diet was thenused to fill each well of a 24-well treatment plate with approximately0.5 mL of artificial diet, which was allowed to solidify at roomtemperature and stored overnight at approximately 4 C. The followingday, freshly hatched Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) larvae (hatchedfrom eggs obtained from the Natural Resource Canada insect researchfacility in Sault-Ste-Marie, ON, Canada) were added to each well of theplate, and their survival rate was monitored at 72 hours, and every 24hours for up to 144 hours (6 days) in total, to determine theinsecticidal efficacy of the Pylon® treatment alone, each unsaturatedaliphatic acid (and salt) alone, and each combination of Pylon® andunsaturated aliphatic acid (and salt). Each experiment contained 3replicates, and was repeated at least 3 times.

The observed survival rate for the larvae at each time interval for thePylon® and unsaturated aliphatic acid (and salt) treatments alone areshown in comparison with the corresponding survival rates for thecombination treatments for each of the three concentrations of theunsaturated aliphatic acids (and salt) in FIGS. 3-5.

The aggregate results showing the insecticidal efficacy (which is equalto (100%−(survival rate)) for each treatment are shown below in Tables63-65 (corresponding to unsaturated aliphatic acid and saltconcentrations of 0.05 mg/mL, 0.15 mg/mL, and 0.30 mg/mL, respectively).

The observed efficacy rate (1−(survival rate)) of individual andcombination treatments was used to evaluate the efficacy data in Tables63-65 for synergistic effects in the combination of Pylon® and theexemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids (and salt), using the ColbyFormula (also referred to as the Abbott Formula), per S. R. Colby,Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of HerbicideCombinations, Weeds, Vol. 15, No. 1 (January 1967), as is well known inthe agricultural experimental field for determining synergism betweentwo or more compounds. In accordance with the Colby Formula, theexpected efficacy, E (%), of a combination treatment of compounds A andB in concentrations a and b, respectively, can be determined byevaluating:

E=x+y−(xy/100); where:

x=efficacy (%) of compound A alone, applied at concentration a;

y=efficacy (%) of compound B alone, applied at concentration b.

The existence and extent of synergy present in a combination treatmentcan be determined according to the Colby Formula by evaluating a SynergyFactor, SF=(Observed efficacy)/(Expected efficacy). For values of SF >1,synergistic efficacy is shown in the observed efficacy of thecombination of compounds, with increasing synergy present as the SFincreases above 1. While for SF<1, antagonism is present and for SF=1,the efficacy of the compounds is merely additive. Tables 63-65 show theSynergy Factor calculated according to the above Colby Formula for theobserved insecticidal efficacy of each combination treatment betweenPylon® and the tested exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids (and salt).As shown in Tables 63-65, the combination of Pylon® insecticide at0.0016 mg/mL (equivalent to 0.00034 mg/mL of chlorfenapyr as theinsecticidal active ingredient) with exemplary unsaturated aliphaticacid (and salt) concentrations between 0.05 mg/mL and 0.30 mg/mLproduced synergistic efficacy factors of between 4 and 24 times,relative to the expected efficacy of the individual components, thusindicating strong evidence of the synergistic pesticidal efficacy of thecombinations, according to an embodiment of the invention.

TABLE 63 Expected and Observed Efficacy (%) at 0.05 mg/mL UnsaturatedAliphatic Acid (salt) Concentration 72 hr 90 hr 120 hr 72 hr 72 hrSynergy 90 hr 90 hr Synergy 120 hr 120 hr Synergy Treatment Exp. Obs.Factor Exp. Obs. Factor Exp. Obs. Factor Pylon ® — 4 — — 4 — — 4 —2,4-hexenoic acid-Ksalt — 4 — — 4 — — 4 — Trans-2-hexenoic acid — 0 — —0 — — 0 — Trans-3-hexenoic acid — 0 — — 0 — — 0 — Pylon ® x 2,4-hex acid8 62 8 8 100 12 8 100 12 K-salt Pylon ® x Trans-2-hex. 4 46 11 4 96 23 4100 24 acid Pylon ® x Trans-3-hex. 4 46 11 4 100 24 4 100 24 acid

TABLE 64 Expected and Observed Efficacy (%) at 0.15 mg/mL UnsaturatedAliphatic Acid (salt) Concentration 72 hr 90 hr 120 hr 72 hr 72 hrSynergy 90 hr 90 hr Synergy 120 hr 120 hr Synergy Treatment Exp. Obs.Factor Exp. Obs. Factor Exp. Obs. Factor Pylon ® — 4 — — 4 — — 4 —2,4-hexenoic acid-Ksalt — 4 — — 4 — — 4 — Trans-2-hexenoic acid — 0 — —0 — — 0 — Trans-3-hexenoic acid — 0 — — 4 — — 4 — Pylon ® x 2,4-hex acid4 67 16 4 96 23 4 96 12 K-salt Pylon ® x Trans-2-hex. 4 50 12 4 75 18 479 19 Acid Pylon ® x Trans-3-hex. 4 50 12 8 83 10 8 96 12 Acid

TABLE 65 Expected and Observed Efficacy (%) at 0.30 mg/mL UnsaturatedAliphatic Acid (salt) Concentration 72 hr 90 hr 120 hr 72 hr 72 hrSynergy 90 hr 90 hr Synergy 120 hr 120 hr Synergy Treatment Exp. Obs.Factor Exp. Obs. Factor Exp. Obs. Factor Pylon ® — 4 — — 4 — — 4 —2,4-hexenoic acid-Ksalt — 13 — — 13 — — 4 — Trans-2-hexenoic acid — 0 —— 0 — — 0 — Trans-3-hexenoic acid — 4 — — 4 — — 0 — Pylon ® x 2,4-hexacid 16 58 4 16 92 6 16 92 6 K-salt Pylon ® x Trans-2-hex. 8 67 8 8 10012 4 100 24 Acid Pylon ® x Trans-3-hex. 8 50 6 8 96 12 4 100 24 Acid

Example 13: In-Planta Insecticidal Efficacy Against Trichoplusia ni byChlorfenapyr (Active Ingredient in Pylon® Insecticide), in Combinationwith Various Exemplary Unsaturated Aliphatic Acids (and AgriculturallyAcceptable Salts Thereof) Sample Preparation:

Chlorfenapyr, a halogenated pyrrole synthetic miticide-insecticide, wasprovided as the active ingredient in Pylon® insecticide (available fromBASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, N.C., USA), and is present as 21.4%w/w of the Pylon® liquid formulation. Pylon® liquid formulation wasdiluted in water to form a 0.187 mg/mL Pylon® treatment solution(containing 0.0400 mg/mL of chlorfenapyr).

A stock solution was prepared for trans-2-hexenoic acid (available fromSigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA), by dissolving trans-2-hexenoic acidin 100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. A stocksolution for the potassium salt of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienoic acid wasprepared by dissolving the salt in water to form a 20 mg/mL (20,000 ppm)solution. Combined treatment solutions were prepared by adding stocksolution of each of the exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acid and salt tothe Pylon® treatment solution, to provide a combined treatment solutionhaving a Pylon® concentration of 0.187 mg/mL and concentrations of theexemplary unsaturated aliphatic acid (or salt) of 0.06 mg/mL.

Green cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitate, Danish Ballheadcultivar) were grown from seed (available from West Coast Seeds, Delta,BC, Canada) in potting soil for 4 weeks in a pest-free indoor growingenvironment. At 4 weeks of age, each cabbage plant was sprayed with 10mL of treatment solution using a hand pump sprayer bottle, and allowedto dry. After the treatment solution sprays had dried on the leaves ofthe cabbage plants, 15-30 first instar Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)larvae (hatched from eggs obtained from the Natural Resource Canadainsect research facility in Sault-Ste-Marie, ON, Canada) were placeddirectly on the leaves of each cabbage plant. The treated cabbage plantswere then placed in nylon isolation tents and kept in an indoor growingenvironment and the larvae were left to feed on the plants. In one setof cabbage plants, the larvae were left to feed for 48 hours, and thenthe number of surviving larvae were observed and survival rates (%) weredetermined. In a second separate set of cabbage plants, the larvae wereleft to feed for 72 hours, and then the number of surviving larvae wereobserved and survival rates (%) were determined. Each experiment wasrepeated at least 3 times.

The aggregate results showing the insecticidal efficacy (which is equalto (100%−(observed survival rate)) for each treatment are shown below inTables 66-67 (corresponding to observation intervals of 48 hours and 72hours for the two sets of plants, both with unsaturated aliphatic acidand salt concentrations of 0.06 mg/mL and Pylon® concentration of 0.187mg/mL). The observed insecticidal efficacy rate in percent (equal to100%−(survival rate)) of individual and combination treatments was usedto evaluate the efficacy data in Tables 66-67 for synergistic effects inthe combination of Pylon® and the exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acids(and salt), using the Colby Formula (also referred to as the AbbottFormula), per S. R. Colby, Calculating Synergistic and AntagonisticResponses of Herbicide Combinations, Weeds, Vol. 15, No. 1 (January1967), as is well known in the agricultural experimental field fordetermining synergism between two or more compounds. In accordance withthe Colby Formula, the expected efficacy, E (%), of a combinationtreatment of compounds A and B in concentrations a and b, respectively,can be determined by evaluating:

E=x+y−(xy/100); where:

x=efficacy (%) of compound A alone, applied at concentration a;

y=efficacy (%) of compound B alone, applied at concentration b.

The existence and extent of synergy present in a combination treatmentcan be determined according to the Colby Formula by evaluating a SynergyFactor, SF=(Observed efficacy)/(Expected efficacy). For values of SF>1,synergistic efficacy is shown in the observed efficacy of thecombination of compounds, with increasing synergy present as the SFincreases above 1. While for SF<1, antagonism is present and for SF=1,the efficacy of the compounds is merely additive. Tables 66-67 show theSynergy Factor calculated according to the above Colby Formula for theobserved insecticidal efficacy of each combination treatment betweenPylon® and the tested exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acid (and salt).As shown in Tables 66-67, the combination of Pylon® insecticide at 0.187mg/mL (equivalent to 0.0400 mg/mL of chlorfenapyr as the pesticidalactive ingredient) with exemplary unsaturated aliphatic acid (and salt)concentration of 0.06 mg/mL produced synergistic efficacy factors ofbetween 1.14 and 1.25, relative to the expected efficacy of theindividual components, thus indicating evidence of the synergisticpesticidal efficacy of the combinations, according to an embodiment ofthe invention.

TABLE 66 Expected and Observed Efficacy (%) in-planta againstTrichoplusia ni at 0.187 mg/mL Pylon ® and 0.06 mg/mL exemplaryunsaturated aliphatic acid (and salt) concentrations, after 48 hoursObserved Expected Synergy Treatment Efficacy (%) Efficacy (%) FactorPylon 87 — — 2,4-hexadienoic acid, K-salt 13 — — Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0— — Pylon × 2,4-hexadienoic acid, 100 88 1.14 K-salt Pylon ×Trans-2-hexenoic acid 100 87 1.15

TABLE 67 Expected and Observed Efficacy (%) in-planta againstTrichoplusia ni at 0.187 mg/mL Pylon ® and 0.06 mg/mL exemplaryunsaturated aliphatic acid (and salt) concentrations, after 72 hoursObserved Expected Synergy Treatment Efficacy (%) Efficacy (%) FactorPylon 80 — — 2,4-hexadienoic acid, K-salt 0 — — Trans-2-hexenoic acid 0— — Pylon × 2,4-hexadienoic acid, 100 80 1.25 K-salt Pylon ×Trans-2-hexenoic acid 100 81 1.23

The foregoing examples using representative fungal and insect speciesdemonstrate that a large number of C6-C10, including C6, C7, C8, C9 andC10, and C11 unsaturated aliphatic acids have a synergistic effect whenused in combination with an insecticidal or fungicidal active agent.Based on the foregoing results and the fact that the cell membranes ofeukaryotic cells share a similar lipid bilayer structure, it can besoundly predicted that C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acids, as well asC11 and C12 unsaturated aliphatic acids will have a synergistic effectwhen used in combination with active ingredients, including fungicidal,insecticidal, acaricidal, molluscicidal, bactericidal and nematicidalactives, to control target pests including fungi, insects, acari,mollusks, bacteria and nematodes.

In some embodiments according to the present disclosure, the combinationof a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid (and agriculturally acceptablesalts thereof in some particular embodiments) and a pesticidal activeingredient produces a synergistic pesticidal composition demonstrating asynergistic effect. That is, when used in combination, the C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid and the pesticidal active ingredient have anefficacy that is greater than would be expected by simply adding theefficacy of the pesticidal active ingredient and the C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid when used alone. In some alternative embodiments, theunsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof maycomprise a C11 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally acceptablesalt thereof. In some further alternative embodiments, the unsaturatedaliphatic acid or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof may comprise aC12 unsaturated aliphatic acid or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof.

While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussedabove, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications,permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is thereforeintended that the following appended claims and claims hereafterintroduced are to be given the broadest interpretation consistent withthe disclosure as a whole.

1. (canceled)
 2. A synergistic pesticidal composition comprising apesticidal active ingredient; and a C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid;wherein the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid comprises at least oneunsaturated C—C bond; and wherein a weight ratio of the concentrationsof said pesticidal active ingredient and said C6-C10 unsaturatedaliphatic acid is between about 1:10,000 and 10,000:1.
 3. (canceled) 4.(canceled)
 5. (canceled)
 6. The synergistic pesticidal compositionaccording to claim 2, wherein the synergistic pesticidal composition hasan FIC Index value of less than
 1. 7. (canceled)
 8. (canceled)
 9. Thesynergistic pesticidal composition according to claim 2, wherein saidcomposition exhibits a synergistic inhibition of growth of at least onetarget pest organism.
 10. (canceled)
 11. (canceled)
 12. The synergisticpesticidal composition according to claim 2, wherein said pesticidalactive ingredient comprises at least one selected from the listcomprising: A) Respiration inhibitors selected from: inhibitors ofcomplex III at Q_(o) site: azoxystrobin (II-1), coumethoxy-strobin,coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin (II-2), enestroburin, fenamin-strobin,fenoxystrobin/flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin (II-3), kresoxim-methyl(II-4), metominostrobin, orysastrobin (II-5), picoxystrobin (II-6),pyraclostrobin (II-7), pyrame-tostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin(II-8), 2-[2-(2,5-dimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-phenyl]-3-methoxy-acrylic acidmethyl ester and2-(2-(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-allylideneamino-oxymethyl)-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide,pyribencarb, triclopyricarb/chlorodincarb, famoxadone, fenamidone;Inhibitors of complex III at Q_(i) site: cyazofamid, amisulbrom,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-acetoxy-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpropanoate,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(acetoxymethoxy)-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpropanoate,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-isobutoxycarbonyloxy-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpro-panoate,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(1,3-benzodioxol5-ylmethoxy)-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbon-yl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo 1,5-dioxonan-7-yl] 2-methylpropanoate;(3S,6S,7R,8R)-3-[[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-8-(phenyl-methyl)-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl2-methylpropanoate; Inhibitors of complex II: benodanil,benzovindiflupyr (II-9), bixafen (II-10), boscalid (II-11), carboxin,fenfuram, fluopyram (II-12), flutolanil, fluxapyroxad (II-13),furametpyr, isofetamid, isopyrazam (II-14), mepronil, oxycarboxin,penflufen (II-15), penthiopyrad (II-16), sedaxane (II-17), tecloftalam,thifluzamide,N-(4′-trifluoromethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-(2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)-phenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,1,3-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,1,3,5-trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-(7-fluoro-1,1,3-trimethyl-indan-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide;Other respiration inhibitors: diflumetorim,(5,8-difluoroquinazolin-4-yl)-{2-[2-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl}-amine;binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap, fluazinam (II-18); ferimzone; fentinsalts such as fentin-acetate, fentin chloride or fentin hydroxide;ametoctradin (II-19); and silthiofam; B) Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors(SBI fungicides) selected from: C14 demethylase inhibitors (DMIfungicides): azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole(II-20), difenoconazole (II-21), diniconazole, diniconazole-M,epoxiconazole (II-22), fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole (II-23),flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole,metconazole (II-24), myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole,penconazole, propiconazole (II-25), prothioconazole (II-26),simeconazole, tebuconazole (II-27), tetraconazole, triadimefon,triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole; imazalil, pefurazoate,prochloraz, triflumizol; fenarimol, nuarimol, pyrifenox, triforine,[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl]-(3-pyridyl)methanol;Delta14-reductase inhibitors: aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorphacetate,fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, piperalin, spiroxamine;Inhibitors of 3-keto reductase: fenhexamid; C) Nucleic acid synthesisinhibitors selected from: phenylamides or acyl amino acid fungicides:benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, kiralaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam)(II-38), ofurace, oxadixyl; others nucleic acid inhibitors: hymexazole,octhilinone, oxolinic acid, bupirimate, 5-fluorocytosine,5-fluoro-2-(p-tolylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4-amine,5-fluoro-2-(4-fluorophenylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4-amine; D) Inhibitors ofcell division and cytoskeleton selected from: tubulin inhibitors:benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl(II-39);5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidineother cell division inhibitors: diethofencarb, ethaboxam, pencycuron,fluopicolide, zoxamide, metrafenone (II-40), pyriofenone; E) Inhibitorsof amino acid and protein synthesis selected from: methionine synthesisinhibitors (anilino-pyrimidines): cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, Pyrimethanil(II-41); protein synthesis inhibitors: blasticidin-S, kasugamycin,kasugamycin hydrochloride-hydrate, mildiomycin, streptomycin,oxytetracyclin, polyoxine, validamycin A; F) Signal transductioninhibitors selected from: MAP/histidine kinase inhibitors: fluoroimid,iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; G proteininhibitors: quinoxyfen; G) Lipid and membrane synthesis inhibitorsselected from: Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors: edifenphos,iprobenfos, pyrazophos, isoprothiolane; propamocarb,propamocarb-hydrochloride; lipid peroxidation inhibitors: dicloran,quintozene, tecnazene, tolclofos-methyl, biphenyl, chloroneb,etridiazole; phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition:dimethomorph (II-42), flumorph, mandipropamid (II-43), pyrimorph,benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb, valifenalate,N-(1-(1-(4-cyano-phenyl)ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamicacid-(4-fluorophenyl) ester; acid amide hydrolase inhibitors:oxathiapiprolin; H) Inhibitors with Multi Site Action selected from:inorganic active substances: Bordeaux mixture, copper acetate, copperhydroxide, copper oxychloride (II-44), basic copper sulfate, sulfur;thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam, mancozeb (II-45), maneb, metam,metiram (II-46), propineb, thiram, zineb, ziram; organochlorinecompounds: anilazine, Chlorothalonil (II-47), captafol, captan, folpet,dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenole andits salts, phthalide, tolylfluanid,N-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide;guanidines and others: guanidine, dodine, dodine free base, guazatine,guazatine-acetate, iminoctadine, iminoctadine-triacetate,iminoctadine-tris(albesilate), dithianon,2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone(II-48); I) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors selected from: inhibitors ofglucan synthesis: validamycin, polyoxin B; melanin synthesis inhibitors:pyroquilon, tricyclazole, carpropamid, dicyclomet, fenoxanil; J) Plantdefence inducers selected from: acibenzolar-S-methyl, probenazole,isotianil, tiadinil, prohexadione-calcium; fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum,phosphorous acid and its salts (II-49); K) Unknown mode of actionselected from: bronopol, chinomethionat, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil,dazomet, debacarb, diclomezine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat-methylsulfate,diphenylamin, fenpyrazamine, flumetover, flusulfamide, flutianil,methasulfocarb, nitrapyrin, nitrothal-isopropyl, oxathiapiprolin,tolprocarb,2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone,2-[3,5-bis-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-fluoro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yl-oxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone,2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-chloro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone,oxin-copper, proquinazid, tebufloquin, tecloftalam, triazoxide,2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propylchromen-4-one,N-(cyclo-propylmethoxyimino-(6-difluoro-methoxy-2,3-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl)-2-phenylacetamide,N′-(4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(5-difluoromethyl-2-methyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, methoxyacetic acid6-tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-yl ester,3-[5-(4-meth-ylphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine,3-[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine(pyrisoxazole), N-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl) cyclopropanecarboxylic acidamide,5-chloro-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop2-ynyloxy-acetamide,ethyl (Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenyl-prop-2-enoate, tertbutylN-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]-amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate,pentyl N-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene] amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate,2-[2-[(7,8-difluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]-6-fluoro-phenyl]propan-2-ol,2-[2-fluoro-6-[(8-fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]propan-2-ol,3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline,3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline,3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline;L) Antifungal biopesticides selected from: Ampelomyces quisqualis,Aspergillus flavus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacillus pumilus (II-50),Bacillus subtilis (II-51), Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens(II-52), Candida oleophila 1-82, Candida saitoana, Clonostachys rosea f.catenulata, also named Gliocladium catenulatum, Coniothyrium minitans,Cryphonectria parasitica, Cryptococcus albidus, Metschnikowiafructicola, Microdochium dimerum, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Pseudozymaflocculosa, Pythium oligandrum DV74, Reynoutria sachlinensis,Talaromyces flavus V117b, Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1, T. atrovirideLC52, T. harzianum T-22, T. harzianum TH 35, T. harzianum T-39; T.harzianum and T. viride, T. harzianum ICC012 and T. viride ICC080; T.polysporum and T. harzianum; T. stromaticum, T. virens GL-21, T. viride,T. viride TV1, Ulocladium oudemansii HRU3; M) Growth regulators selectedfrom: abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine,brassino-lide, butralin, chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), cholinechloride, cyclanilide, daminozide, dikegulac, dimethipin,2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacet,forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid, inabenfide, indole-3-acetic acid,maleic hydrazide, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride) (II-54),naphthaleneacetic acid, N-6-benzyladenine, paclobutrazol, prohexadione(prohexadione-calcium, 11-55), prohydrojasmon, thidiazuron,triapenthenol, tributyl phosphorotrithioate, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid,trinexapac-ethyl and uniconazole; N) Herbicides selected from:acetamides: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid,flufenacet, mefenacet, metolachlor, metazachlor, napropamide,naproanilide, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, thenylchlor; aminoacid derivatives: bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinate, sulfosate;aryloxyphenoxypropionates: clodinafop, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop,fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop,quizalofop-P-tefuryl; Bipyridyls: diquat, paraquat; (thio)carbamates:asulam, butylate, carbetamide, desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC),esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb, phenmedipham, prosulfocarb,pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallate; cyclohexanediones: butroxydim,clethodim, cycloxydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim,tralkoxydim; dinitroanilines: benfluralin, ethalfluralin, oryzalin,pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin; diphenyl ethers: acifluorfen,aclonifen, bifenox, diclofop, ethoxyfen, fomesafen, lactofen,oxyfluorfen; -hydroxybenzonitriles: bomoxynil, dichlobenil, ioxynil;imidazolinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin,imazethapyr; phenoxy acetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, Mecoprop;pyrazines: chloridazon, flufenpyr-ethyl, fluthiacet, norflurazon,pyridate; pyridines: aminopyralid, clopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr,fluridone, fluroxypyr, picloram, picolinafen, thiazopyr; sulfonyl ureas:amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuronethyl,chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron,flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron,halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron,metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron,prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron,thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron,triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron,1-((2-chloro-6-propyl-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)sulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)urea;triazines: ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, dimethametryn, ethiozin,hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine,terbutryn, triaziflam; ureas: chlorotoluron, daimuron, diuron,fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, tebuthiuron;other acetolactate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac-sodium,cloransulammethyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, flumetsulam,metosulam, ortho-sulfamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone,pyribam-benz-propyl, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl,pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam; other herbicides:amicarbazone, aminotriazole, anilofos, beflubutamid, benazolin,bencarbazone, benfluresate, benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon,bicyclopyrone, bromacil, bromobutide, butafenacil, butamifos,cafenstrole, carfentrazone, cinidon-ethyl, chlorthal, cinmethylin,clomazone, cumyluron, cyprosulfamide, dicamba, difenzoquat,diflufenzopyr, Drechslera monoceras, endothal, ethofumesate,etobenzanid, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, flumiclorac-pentyl,flumioxazin, flupoxam, flurochloridone, flurtamone, indanofan, isoxaben,isoxaflutole, lenacil, propanil, propyzamide, quinclorac, quinmerac,mesotrione, methyl arsonic acid, naptalam, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon,oxaziclomefone, pentoxazone, pinoxaden, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl,pyrasulfotole, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate, quinoclamine, saflufenacil,sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, terbacil, tefuryltrione, tembotrione,thiencarbazone, topramezone,(3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-phenoxy]-pyri-din-2-yloxy)-aceticacid ethyl ester, 6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylicacid methyl ester,6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-phenoxy)-pyridazin-4-ol,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid methyl ester, and4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-dimethylamino-2-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid methyl ester; O) Insecticides selected from:organo(thio)phosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl,chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon,dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, fenitrothion,fenthion, isoxathion, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion,methyl-parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon,parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate,phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprophos,tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos, triazophos, trichlorfon; carbamates:alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, carbaryl, carbofuran,carbosulfan, fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl,pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamate; pyrethroids: allethrin,bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin,alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, zetacypermethrin, deltamethrin,esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fen-valerate, imiprothrin,lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, pyrethrin I and II,resmethrin, silafluofen, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin,tralomethrin, transfluthrin, profluthrin, dimefluthrin; insect growthregulators: a) chitin synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas:chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron,hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron;buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, clofentazine; b)ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide,azadirachtin; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen, methoprene, fenoxycarb; d)lipid biosynthesis inhibitors: spirodiclofen, spiromesifen,spirotetramat; nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds:clothianidin, dinotefuran, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam,nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid,1-2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[1,3,5]triazinane;GABA antagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole,pyrafluprole, pyriprole,5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbothioicacid amide; mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI) Iacaricides: fenazaquin, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad,flufenerim; METI II and III compounds: acequinocyl, fluacyprim,hydramethylnon; Uncouplers: chlorfenapyr; oxidative phosphorylationinhibitors: cyhexatin, diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite;moulting disruptor compounds: cryomazine; mixed function oxidaseinhibitors: piperonyl butoxide; sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb,metaflumizone; ryanodine receptor inhibitors: chlorantraniliprole,cyantraniliprole, fluben-diamide,N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4-chloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(difluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-di-bromo-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanyl-idene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-cyano-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-dibromo-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;others: benclothiaz, bifenazate, cartap, flonicamid, pyridalyl,pymetrozine, sulfur, thiocyclam, cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos,cyflumetofen, amidoflumet, imicyafos, bistrifluron, pyrifluquinazon,1,1′-[(3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-[[(2-cyclopropylacetyl)oxy]-methyl]-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-12-hydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)-2H,11H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrano[3,4-e]pyran-3,6-diyl] cyclopropaneacetic acidester; fluensulfone, fluoroalkenyl thioethers; and P) ribonucleic acid(RNA) and associated compounds including double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA); bacteriophages. 13.The synergistic pesticidal composition according to claim 2, wherein aweight ratio of the concentrations of said pesticidal active ingredientand said C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid or an agriculturallycompatible salt thereof is between about at least one of: 1:10,000 and10,000:1, 1:5000 and 5000:1, 1:2500 and 2500:1, 1:1500 and 1500:1,1:1000 and 1000, 1:750 and 750:1, 1:500 and 500:1, 1:400 and 400:1,1:300 and 300:1, 1:250 and 250:1, 1:200 and 200:1, 1:150 and 150:1,1:100 and 100:1, 1:90 and 90:1, 1:80 and 80:1, 1:70 and 70:1, 1:60 and60:1, 1:50 and 50:1, 1:40 and 40:1, 1:30 and 30:1, 1:25 and 25:1, 1:20and 20:1, 1:15 and 15:1, 1:10 and 10:1, 1:9 and 9:1. 1:8 and 8:1, 1:7and 7:1, 1:6 and 6:1, 1:5 and 5:1, 1: and 4:1, 1:3 and 3:1, 1:2 and 2:1,1:1.5 and 1.5:1, and 1.25 and 1.25:1.
 14. The synergistic pesticidalcomposition according to claim 2, wherein said pesticidal activeingredient comprises at least one pesticidal natural oil selected fromthe list comprising: neem oil, karanja oil, clove oil, peppermint oil,mint oil, cinnamon oil, thyme oil, oregano oil, geranium oil, lime oil,lavender oil, anise oil, and/or garlic oil and/or components,derivatives and/or extracts of one or more pesticidal natural oil, or acombination thereof.
 15. (canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. (canceled)
 18. Amethod of synergistically enhancing the pesticidal activity of at leastone pesticidal active ingredient adapted to control at least one targetpest organism comprising: providing at least one pesticidal activeingredient active for said at least one target pest organism; adding asynergistically effective concentration of at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid comprising at least one unsaturated C—C bond,or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, to said pesticidal activeingredient to provide a synergistic pesticidal composition; and applyingsaid synergistic pesticidal composition in a pesticidally effectiveconcentration to control said at least one target pest organism. 19.(canceled)
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. The method according toclaim 18, wherein a weight ratio of said synergistically effectiveconcentration of said C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid or anagriculturally compatible salt thereof and said pesticidal activeingredient is between about at least one of: 1:10,000 and 10,000:1,1:5000 and 5000:1, 1:2500 and 2500:1, 1:1500 and 1500:1, 1:1000 and1000, 1:750 and 750:1, 1:500 and 500:1, 1:400 and 400:1, 1:300 and300:1, 1:250 and 250:1, 1:200 and 200:1, 1:150 and 150:1, 1:100 and100:1, 1:90 and 90:1, 1:80 and 80:1, 1:70 and 70:1, 1:60 and 60:1, 1:50and 50:1, 1:40 and 40:1, 1:30 and 30:1, 1:25 and 25:1, 1:20 and 20:1,1:15 and 15:1, 1:10 and 10:1, 1:9 and 9:1. 1:8 and 8:1, 1:7 and 7:1, 1:6and 6:1, 1:5 and 5:1, 1: and 4:1, 1:3 and 3:1, 1:2 and 2:1, 1:1.5 and1.5:1, and 1.25 and 1.25:1.
 23. The method according to claim 18,wherein the synergistic pesticidal composition has an FIC Index value ofless than
 1. 24. (canceled)
 25. (canceled)
 26. A pesticidal compositioncomprising: one or more pesticidal agents; and one or more unsaturatedC6-C10 aliphatic acids or agriculturally compatible salts thereof,having at least one unsaturated C—C bond, wherein said one or moreunsaturated C6-C10 aliphatic acids produce a synergistic effect on thepesticidal activity of the pesticidal composition in comparison to thepesticidal activity of the pesticidal agent alone and are present in arespective synergistically active weight concentration ratio betweenabout 1:2000 and 2000:1.
 27. The pesticidal composition according toclaim 26, wherein said synergistically active weight concentration ratioof said pesticidal agent and said C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid oran agriculturally compatible salt thereof is between about at least oneof: 1:10,000 and 10,000:1, 1:5000 and 5000:1, 1:2500 and 2500:1, 1:1500and 1500:1, 1:1000 and 1000, 1:750 and 750:1, 1:500 and 500:1, 1:400 and400:1, 1:300 and 300:1, 1:250 and 250:1, 1:200 and 200:1, 1:150 and150:1, 1:100 and 100:1, 1:90 and 90:1, 1:80 and 80:1, 1:70 and 70:1,1:60 and 60:1, 1:50 and 50:1, 1:40 and 40:1, 1:30 and 30:1, 1:25 and25:1, 1:20 and 20:1, 1:15 and 15:1, 1:10 and 10:1, 1:9 and 9:1. 1:8 and8:1, 1:7 and 7:1, 1:6 and 6:1, 1:5 and 5:1, 1: and 4:1, 1:3 and 3:1, 1:2and 2:1, 1:1.5 and 1.5:1, and 1.25 and 1.25:1.
 28. (canceled) 29.(canceled)
 30. The pesticidal composition according to claim 26, whereinthe synergistic effect of the pesticidal agent in combination with theunsaturated C6-C10 aliphatic acid or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof has an FIC Index value of less than
 1. 31. (canceled) 32.(canceled)
 33. The pesticidal composition according to claim 26, whereinsaid pesticidal agent comprises at least one selected from the listcomprising: A) Respiration inhibitors selected from: inhibitors ofcomplex III at Q_(o) site: azoxystrobin (II-1), coumethoxy-strobin,coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin (II-2), enestroburin, fenamin-strobin,fenoxystrobin/flufenoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin (II-3), kresoxim-methyl(II-4), metominostrobin, orysastrobin (II-5), picoxystrobin (II-6),pyraclostrobin (II-7), pyrame-tostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin(II-8), 2-[2-(2,5-dimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-phenyl]-3-methoxy-acrylic acidmethyl ester and2-(2-(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-allylideneamino-oxymethyl)-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide,pyribencarb, triclopyricarb/chlorodincarb, famoxadone, fenamidone;Inhibitors of complex III at Q_(i) site: cyazofamid, amisulbrom,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-acetoxy-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl)-amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpropanoate,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(acetoxymethoxy)-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpropanoate,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-isobutoxycarbonyloxy-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpro-panoate,[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(1,3-benzodioxol5-ylmethoxy)-4-methoxy-pyridine-2-carbon-yl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo 1,5-dioxonan-7-yl] 2-methylpropanoate;(3S,6S,7R,8R)-3-[[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-8-(phenyl-methyl)-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl2-methylpropanoate; Inhibitors of complex II: benodanil,benzovindiflupyr (II-9), bixafen (II-10), boscalid (II-11), carboxin,fenfuram, fluopyram (II-12), flutolanil, fluxapyroxad (II-13),furametpyr, isofetamid, isopyrazam (II-14), mepronil, oxycarboxin,penflufen (II-15), penthiopyrad (II-16), sedaxane (II-17), tecloftalam,thifluzamide,N-(4′-trifluoromethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-(2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)-phenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,1,3-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,1,3,5-trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-(7-fluoro-1,1,3-trimethyl-indan-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide;Other respiration inhibitors: diflumetorim,(5,8-difluoroquinazolin-4-yl)-{2-[2-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl}-amine;binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap, fluazinam (II-18); ferimzone; fentinsalts such as fentin-acetate, fentin chloride or fentin hydroxide;ametoctradin (II-19); and silthiofam; B) Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors(SBI fungicides) selected from: C14 demethylase inhibitors (DMIfungicides): azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole(II-20), difenoconazole (II-21), diniconazole, diniconazole-M,epoxiconazole (II-22), fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole (II-23),flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole,metconazole (II-24), myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole,penconazole, propiconazole (II-25), prothioconazole (II-26),simeconazole, tebuconazole (II-27), tetraconazole, triadimefon,triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole; imazalil, pefurazoate,prochloraz, triflumizol; fenarimol, nuarimol, pyrifenox, triforine,[3-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-4-yl]-(3-pyridyl)methanol;Delta14-reductase inhibitors: aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorphacetate,fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, piperalin, spiroxamine;Inhibitors of 3-keto reductase: fenhexamid; C) Nucleic acid synthesisinhibitors selected from: phenylamides or acyl amino acid fungicides:benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, kiralaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam)(II-38), ofurace, oxadixyl; others nucleic acid inhibitors: hymexazole,octhilinone, oxolinic acid, bupirimate, 5-fluorocytosine,5-fluoro-2-(p-tolylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4-amine,5-fluoro-2-(4-fluorophenylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4-amine; D) Inhibitors ofcell division and cytoskeleton selected from: tubulin inhibitors:benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl(II-39);5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidineother cell division inhibitors: diethofencarb, ethaboxam, pencycuron,fluopicolide, zoxamide, metrafenone (II-40), pyriofenone; E) Inhibitorsof amino acid and protein synthesis selected from: methionine synthesisinhibitors (anilino-pyrimidines): cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, Pyrimethanil(II-41); protein synthesis inhibitors: blasticidin-S, kasugamycin,kasugamycin hydrochloride-hydrate, mildiomycin, streptomycin,oxytetracyclin, polyoxine, validamycin A; F) Signal transductioninhibitors selected from: MAP/histidine kinase inhibitors: fluoroimid,iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; G proteininhibitors: quinoxyfen; G) Lipid and membrane synthesis inhibitorsselected from: Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors: edifenphos,iprobenfos, pyrazophos, isoprothiolane; propamocarb,propamocarb-hydrochloride; lipid peroxidation inhibitors: dicloran,quintozene, tecnazene, tolclofos-methyl, biphenyl, chloroneb,etridiazole; phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition:dimethomorph (II-42), flumorph, mandipropamid (II-43), pyrimorph,benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb, valifenalate,N-(1-(1-(4-cyano-phenyl)ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamicacid-(4-fluorophenyl) ester; acid amide hydrolase inhibitors:oxathiapiprolin; H) Inhibitors with Multi Site Action selected from:inorganic active substances: Bordeaux mixture, copper acetate, copperhydroxide, copper oxychloride (II-44), basic copper sulfate, sulfur;thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam, mancozeb (II-45), maneb, metam,metiram (II-46), propineb, thiram, zineb, ziram; organochlorinecompounds: anilazine, Chlorothalonil (II-47), captafol, captan, folpet,dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenole andits salts, phthalide, tolylfluanid,N-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide;guanidines and others: guanidine, dodine, dodine free base, guazatine,guazatine-acetate, iminoctadine, iminoctadine-triacetate,iminoctadine-tris(albesilate), dithianon,2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c′]dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone(II-48); I) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors selected from: inhibitors ofglucan synthesis: validamycin, polyoxin B; melanin synthesis inhibitors:pyroquilon, tricyclazole, carpropamid, dicyclomet, fenoxanil; J) Plantdefence inducers selected from: acibenzolar-S-methyl, probenazole,isotianil, tiadinil, prohexadione-calcium; fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum,phosphorous acid and its salts (II-49); K) Unknown mode of actionselected from: bronopol, chinomethionat, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil,dazomet, debacarb, diclomezine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat-methylsulfate,diphenylamin, fenpyrazamine, flumetover, flusulfamide, flutianil,methasulfocarb, nitrapyrin, nitrothal-isopropyl, oxathiapiprolin,tolprocarb,2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone,2-[3,5-bis-(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-fluoro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yl-oxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-ethanone,2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-[4-(4-{5-[2-chloro-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanone,oxin-copper, proquinazid, tebufloquin, tecloftalam, triazoxide,2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propylchromen-4-one,N-(cyclo-propylmethoxyimino-(6-difluoro-methoxy-2,3-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl)-2-phenylacetamide,N′-(4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(5-difluoromethyl-2-methyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, methoxyacetic acid6-tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-yl ester,3-[5-(4-meth-ylphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine,3-[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine(pyrisoxazole), N-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl) cyclopropanecarboxylic acidamide,5-chloro-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole,2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop2-ynyloxy-acetamide,ethyl (Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenyl-prop-2-enoate, tertbutylN-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]-amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate,pentyl N-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene] amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate,2-[2-[(7,8-difluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]-6-fluoro-phenyl]propan-2-ol,2-[2-fluoro-6-[(8-fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]propan-2-ol,3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline,3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline,3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline;L) Antifungal biopesticides selected from: Ampelomyces quisqualis,Aspergillus flavus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Bacillus pumilus (II-50),Bacillus subtilis (II-51), Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens(II-52), Candida oleophila 1-82, Candida saitoana, Clonostachys rosea f.catenulata, also named Gliocladium catenulatum, Coniothyrium minitans,Cryphonectria parasitica, Cryptococcus albidus, Metschnikowiafructicola, Microdochium dimerum, Phlebiopsis gigantea, Pseudozymaflocculosa, Pythium oligandrum DV74, Reynoutria sachlinensis,Talaromyces flavus V117b, Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1, T. atrovirideLC52, T. harzianum T-22, T. harzianum TH 35, T. harzianum T-39; T.harzianum and T. viride, T. harzianum ICC012 and T. viride ICCO80; T.polysporum and T. harzianum; T. stromaticum, T. virens GL-21, T. viride,T. viride TV1, Ulocladium oudemansii HRU3; M) Growth regulators selectedfrom: abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine,brassino-lide, butralin, chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), cholinechloride, cyclanilide, daminozide, dikegulac, dimethipin,2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacet,forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid, inabenfide, indole-3-acetic acid,maleic hydrazide, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride) (II-54),naphthaleneacetic acid, N-6-benzyladenine, paclobutrazol, prohexadione(prohexadione-calcium, II-55), prohydrojasmon, thidiazuron,triapenthenol, tributyl phosphorotrithioate, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid,trinexapac-ethyl and uniconazole; N) Herbicides selected from:acetamides: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid,flufenacet, mefenacet, me-tolachlor, metazachlor, napropamide,naproanilide, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor, thenylchlor; aminoacid derivatives: bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinate, sulfosate;aryloxyphenoxypropionates: clodinafop, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop,fluazifop, haloxyfop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop,quizalofop-P-tefuryl; Bipyridyls: diquat, paraquat; (thio)carbamates:asulam, butylate, carbetamide, desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC),esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb, phenmedipham, prosulfocarb,pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallate; cyclohexanediones: butroxydim,clethodim, cycloxydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim,tralkoxydim; dinitroanilines: benfluralin, ethalfluralin, oryzalin,pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin; diphenyl ethers: acifluorfen,aclonifen, bifenox, diclofop, ethoxyfen, fomesafen, lactofen,oxyfluorfen; -hydroxybenzonitriles: bomoxynil, dichlobenil, ioxynil;imidazolinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin,imazethapyr; phenoxy acetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, Mecoprop;pyrazines: chloridazon, flufenpyr-ethyl, fluthiacet, norflurazon,pyridate; pyridines: aminopyralid, clopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr,fluridone, fluroxypyr, picloram, picolinafen, thiazopyr; sulfonyl ureas:amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuronethyl,chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron,flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron,halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron,metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron,prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron,thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, trifloxysulfuron,triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron,1-((2-chloro-6-propyl-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)sulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)urea;triazines: ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, dimethametryn, ethiozin,hexazinone, metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine,terbutryn, triaziflam; ureas: chlorotoluron, daimuron, diuron,fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, tebuthiuron;other acetolactate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac-sodium,cloransulammethyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, flumetsulam,metosulam, ortho-sulfamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone,pyribam-benz-propyl, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl,pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam; other herbicides:amicarbazone, aminotriazole, anilofos, beflubutamid, benazolin,bencarbazone, benfluresate, benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon,bicyclopyrone, bromacil, bromobutide, butafenacil, butamifos,cafenstrole, carfentrazone, cinidon-ethyl, chlorthal, cinmethylin,clomazone, cumyluron, cyprosulfamide, dicamba, difenzoquat,diflufenzopyr, Drechslera monoceras, endothal, ethofumesate,etobenzanid, fenoxasulfone, fentrazamide, flumiclorac-pentyl,flumioxazin, flupoxam, flurochloridone, flurtamone, indanofan, isoxaben,isoxaflutole, lenacil, propanil, propyzamide, quinclorac, quinmerac,mesotrione, methyl arsonic acid, naptalam, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon,oxaziclomefone, pentoxazone, pinoxaden, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl,pyrasulfotole, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate, quinoclamine, saflufenacil,sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, terbacil, tefuryltrione, tembotrione,thiencarbazone, topramezone,(3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-phenoxy]-pyri-din-2-yloxy)-aceticacid ethyl ester, 6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylicacid methyl ester,6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-phenoxy)-pyridazin-4-ol,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid methyl ester, and4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-dimethylamino-2-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid methyl ester; O) Insecticides selected from:organo(thio)phosphates: acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl,chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon,dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulfoton, ethion, fenitrothion,fenthion, isoxathion, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion,methyl-parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon,parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate,phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprophos,tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos, triazophos, trichlorfon; carbamates:alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, carbaryl, carbofuran,carbosulfan, fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl,pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamate; pyrethroids: allethrin,bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin,alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, zetacypermethrin, deltamethrin,esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fen-valerate, imiprothrin,lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, prallethrin, pyrethrin I and II,resmethrin, silafluofen, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin,tralomethrin, transfluthrin, profluthrin, dimefluthrin; insect growthregulators: a) chitin synthesis inhibitors: benzoylureas:chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron,hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron;buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, clofentazine; b)ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide,azadirachtin; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen, methoprene, fenoxycarb; d)lipid biosynthesis inhibitors: spirodiclofen, spiromesifen,spirotetramat; nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonists compounds:clothianidin, dinotefuran, flupyradifurone, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam,nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid,1-2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[1,3,5]triazinane;GABA antagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole,pyrafluprole, pyriprole,5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbothioicacid amide; mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI) Iacaricides: fenazaquin, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad,flufenerim; METI II and III compounds: acequinocyl, fluacyprim,hydramethylnon; Uncouplers: chlorfenapyr; oxidative phosphorylationinhibitors: cyhexatin, diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite;moulting disruptor compounds: cryomazine; mixed function oxidaseinhibitors: piperonyl butoxide; sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb,metaflumizone; ryanodine receptor inhibitors: chlorantraniliprole,cyantraniliprole, fluben-diamide,N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4-chloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(difluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-di-bromo-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanyl-idene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-cyano-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;N-[4,6-dibromo-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide;others: benclothiaz, bifenazate, cartap, flonicamid, pyridalyl,pymetrozine, sulfur, thiocyclam, cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos,cyflumetofen, amidoflumet, imicyafos, bistrifluron, pyrifluquinazon,1,1′-[(3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,12R,12aS,12bS)-4-[[(2-cyclopropylacetyl)oxy]-methyl]-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-12-hydroxy-4,6a,12b-trimethyl-11-oxo-9-(3-pyridinyl)-2H,11H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrano[3,4-e]pyran-3,6-diyl]cyclopropaneacetic acid ester; fluensulfone, fluoroalkenyl thioethers;and P) ribonucleic acid (RNA) and associated compounds includingdouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA(siRNA); bacteriophages.
 34. (canceled)
 35. (canceled)
 36. (canceled)37. (canceled)
 38. (canceled)
 39. (canceled)
 40. (canceled)
 41. A methodof synergistically enhancing the pesticidal activity of at least onepesticidal active ingredient adapted to control at least one target pestorganism comprising: providing at least one pesticidal active ingredientactive for said at least one target pest organism; adding asynergistically effective concentration of at least one C6-C10unsaturated aliphatic acid or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereofto provide a synergistic pesticidal composition; mixing said synergisticpesticidal composition with at least one formulation componentcomprising a surfactant to form a synergistic pesticidal concentrate;diluting said synergistic pesticidal concentrate with water to form asynergistic pesticidal emulsion; and applying said synergisticpesticidal emulsion at a pesticidally effective concentration and rateto control said at least one target pest organism.
 42. (canceled) 43.(canceled)
 44. The synergistic pesticidal composition according to claim2, wherein said C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid comprises a straightchain C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid.
 45. A composition as defined inclaim 2, wherein the pesticidal active ingredient has a mode of actiondependent on interaction with a cellular membrane or a cellular membraneprotein.
 46. A composition as defined in claim 45, wherein thepesticidal active ingredient has a mode of action dependent oninteraction with a cellular membrane protein; has a mode of actiondependent on interaction with a cytochrome complex; has a mode of actiondependent on interaction with the cellular membrane to uncoupleoxidative phosphorylation; has a mode of action dependent on interactionwith a target site inside a cell or on an intracellular organelle of atarget pest; and/or has a mode of action dependent on interaction with atarget site across a cellular membrane of a target pest.
 47. Acomposition as defined in claim 45, wherein the membrane proteincomprises cytochrome bc1 complex or cytochrome p450 complex.
 48. Acomposition as defined in the claim 45, wherein the pesticidal activeingredient comprises a Group 3, Group 9, Group 11, Group 12 or Group 13active as defined by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee.
 49. Acomposition as defined in claim 48, wherein the pesticidal activeingredient comprises a strobilurin, an azole, a triazole, a pyrrole, ananilinopyrimidine, or a phenylpyrrole.
 50. (canceled)
 51. A compositionas defined in claim 2, wherein the C6-C10 unsaturated aliphatic acid hasan unsaturated C—C bond at one or more of the 2-, 3- and terminallocations in the aliphatic carbon chain.
 52. (canceled)
 53. (canceled)